Anatomy (Animal Cell)

What is the meaning of:

1. Anatomy: is the study of the structure and relationships among body parts.
2. Physiology: branch of biology deals with normal functions of organisms and their parts.
3. Cell: Is the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms.
4. Tissue: group cells and extracellular substances that carry out specialized tasks.
5. Organ: two or more tissues organized in a specific way to carry out specific tasks.
6. System: Two or more organs and other components interacting in a common task.
7. Organism: Entire living thing that can carry out all basic life processes.
8. Cytosol: All the stuff in between the organelles.
9. Cytoplasm: Everything inside a cell except the nucleus.
10.Protoplasm: nucleus + cytoplasm
What are the major types of cells?
1. Prokaryotes: Found in micro-organisms
2. Eukaryotes: Found in all other forms of life
What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?
1. Plasma membrane.
2. Cytoplasm (cytosol + organelles)
3. Nucleus.
What are the types of Organelles?
1. Membrane-bounded organelles: RER, SER, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes
2. Non Membrane-bounded organelles: Ribosomes, Filaments, Microtubules, Centrioles
What are the components of Plasma Membrane?
1. A double layer of phospholipids: formed of hydrophilic head, and two hydrophobic tails.
2. Variable protein molecules.
What are the functions of Plasma Membrane?
1. Protection of the cell components.
2. Gives the shape to the cell.
3. Surface for ion and molecule transport.
4. Receives signals and facilitates communication.
What are the components of Nucleus?
Nucleolus, nucleoplasm and chromatin (chromosomes)
What are the component of Cytoplasm?
1. Interconnected filaments and fibers.
2. Semi-fluid = cytosol.
3. Organelles (not nucleus).
4. Storage substances.
What are the types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): ribosomes attached, function is protein synthesis.
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): lacks ribosomes, function in lipid synthesis.
What is the functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
1. Protein synthesis.
2. Lipid synthesis.
3. Storage and release of calcium ions.
4. Storage and release of glycogen.
5. Facilitates ions and molecules transport
What are the components of Mitochondria?
1. Outer membrane and a highly-folded inner membrane (cristae).
2. The inner membrane encloses the matrix that contains: DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
What is the function of Mitochondria?
1. Energy production (ATP).
2. Storage tanks of calcium ions.
3. Programmed cell death.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Network of flattened smooth membranous sacs (cisternae and vesicles).
It works in combination with ER.
What is the function of Golgi?
1. Packaging and shipping station of the cell.
2. Modifying, storing and releasing products from endoplasmic reticulum.
What are the components of cytoskeleton?
1. Microfilaments. 2. Intermediate filaments. 3. Microtubules.
What is the function of Cytoskeleton?
1. Provides mechanical support 2. Maintains shape of the cell. 3. Anchors many organelles.
4. Helps in cell motility.
What is Centrosome?
Centrosome consists of two centrioles. Function in cell division.
What is Lysosome?
Sac of hydrolytic enzymes digests molecules Synthesized by RER and transferred to Golgi.
What are the functions of Lysosome?
1. Help cell renewal by breaking down old cell parts.
2. Digest food found in food vacuoles.
3. Play a big role in programmed cell death.
What are the types of Vacuoles?
1. Food vacuoles: transport food from cell membrane
2. Contractile vacuoles: found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell.
3. Central vacuoles: found in many mature plant cells.