1.

Cell Wall:
 Function: Provides structural support and protection to the cell.

2. Cell Membrane:
 Function: Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
3. Cytoplasm:
 Function: Suspends organelles, where many cellular activities take place.
4. Nucleus:
 Function: Controls cell activities and contains genetic material (DNA).
5. Nuclear Envelope:
 Function: Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
6. Nucleolus:
 Function: Synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosomes.
7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  Function: Synthesizes proteins and lipids.

 The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) gets its name

from the bumpy ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface. As
these ribosomes make proteins, they feed the newly forming
protein chains into the lumen. Some are transferred fully into the
ER and float inside, while others are anchored in the membrane.

 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is continuous with

the rough ER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface.
Functions of the smooth ER include:

Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones

Detoxification of medications and poisons
Storage of calcium ions


8. Ribosomes:
 Function: Site of protein synthesis.
9. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body):
 Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or
transport.
10. Mitochondria:
 Function: Generates ATP through cellular respiration; powerhouse of the cell.

11. Plastids (Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, and Amyloplasts):

 Function:
 Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
 Chromoplasts: Synthesizes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll.
 Amyloplasts: Stores starch.
12. Vacuole:
 Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste products; provides turgor pressure.
Animal cells are the basic structural and functional units of animal tissues and organs.
They have various organelles that perform specific functions essential for the cell's
survival. Here are some key parts of an animal cell along with their functions:

1. Cell Membrane:
 Function: Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell,
provides protection and support.
2. Cytoplasm:
 Function: Suspends organelles, where many cellular activities occur.
3. Nucleus:
 Function: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
4. Nuclear Envelope:
 Function: Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
5. Nucleolus:
 Function: Synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosomes.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  Function: Synthesizes proteins and lipids.
 Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
 Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and
detoxification.
7. Ribosomes:
 Function: Site of protein synthesis.
8. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body):
 Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or
transport.
9. Mitochondria:
 Function: Generates ATP through cellular respiration; powerhouse of the
cell.
10. Centrioles:
 Function: Involved in cell division (found mainly in animal cells).
11. Lysosomes:
 Function: Contain enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste
and debris.
12. Vacuoles (smaller and more variable than in plant cells):
 Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
13. Cytoskeleton:
 Function: Provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape;
involved in cell movement.
14. Microvilli (not present in all animal cells):
 Function: Increase surface area for absorption (common in cells involved
in absorption, like in the intestines).
15. Flagella or Cilia (not present in all animal cells):
 Function: Involved in cell movement; for example, sperm cells have
flagella for propulsion.