BSN-1 PARSE

THE CELL FUNCTION AND COMPONENTS

GROUP 2

Members:
Glorife E. Salison
Sitti Parida D. Sali
Nurhasan G. Abirin
Vharhida Julkarim
Dilmusa A. Juhan
Deen Abdulla
 THE CELL FUNCTION AND COMPONENTS

Cell
- A cell is the structural and functional and biological unit of organism.
The study of cells from its basic structure to the function of every cell
organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist
who discovered cells. He discovered cell in 1665.
All organism is made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell
(Unicellular) or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasma are the smallest
known cells. Cells are the building blocks of our muscles, bones and
other organs.

How important is cell in our life?

Cells provide structure and function for all living things, from micro
organism to human. Scientist consider them the smallest from of life. Cell
house the biological machinery that makes the protein, chemicals, and
signals responsible for everything that happens inside our body.

A HUMAN CELL
 The characteristic Function of the cell include the following:

1. Cell metabolism and energy use . Cell metabolism involves all

chemical reaction that occurs within a cell. These metabolic reactions
often involves transfer, meaning the energy released by one reaction
is then used in another reaction. For example, the energy released
from the digestion of large nutrients molecules fuels activities, such
as the synthesis of other molecules and muscle cell contraction.
During some metabolic reactions, energy is also released as heat,
which helps maintain body temperature.

2. Synthesis of molecules. The different cells of the body synthesize,

or produce, various types of molecules, including proteins, nucleic
acid, and lipids. The structural and functional characteristics of cell
are determined by the types of molecule they produce.

3. Communication. Cells communicate with each other by using

chemical and electrical signals, For example nerve cell produce
chemical signals by which they communicate with muscle cells. Then,
muscle cells respond to the chemical signals by contracting or
relaxing.

4. Reproduction and inheritance. Most cell contain a complete copy

of all the genetic information of the individuals. This genetic
information ultimately determines the structural and functional
characteristics of the cell, each containing the same genetics
information. Specialized cells called gametes are responsible for
transmitting genetic information to the next generation.

CELLS PART AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN CELL

a. Cell membrane- serves as a barrier and gatekeepers. They are

semi-permeable, which means that some molecules can diffuse
across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. Small hydrophobic
molecules and gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide across
membranes rapidly.

b. Cytoplasm- is the gel like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for
chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles
can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion,
growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
c. Nucleus- the nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic
information and as the cell’s control center. DNA replication
transcription, and RNA processing all take place within the nucleus,
with only the final stage of gene expression (translation) localized to
the cytoplasm.

d. Ribosome- is an intercellular structure made of RNA and protein, and

it is the site of protien synthesis in the cell. The ribosomes reads the
messenger RNA (meRA) sequence and translates that genetic code
into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that
fold to form proteins.

e. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- is to produce proteins for the rest of

the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it
ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to
make those proteins.

f. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- its function in many metabolic

processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospolipids as in plasma membrane,
and steroids. Cells that screte these products, such as cells of the
testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands, have an excess of smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.

g. Golgi Apparatus- a factory in which proteins received from the ER are

further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual
destinations; lysosomes, the plasma membrane , or secretion.

h. Lysosome- function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to

degrade , material taken up from outside the cell and to digest
obosolete components of the cell itself.

i. Peroxisomes- are organelles that sequeter diverse oxidative reactions

and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species
detoxifications, and signaling. Serves as one site of lipid and amino
acids degradation; break down hydrogen peroxide.

j. Proteasomes- is a miltisubunit enzyme complex that plays a central

role in the regulation of proteins that control cell- cycle progression
and apoptosis.

k. Mitochondria- is to generate the energy necessary to power cells.

Mitochondria are the site of respiration and the ‘powerhouses’ of
cells, pumping out energy which is the stored ATP (adenosine
triphosphate).
l. Centrioles- play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the
cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the
nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

m. Cilia- is to move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the

cilia. This process can either result in the cell moving through water,
typical for many single-celled organism, or in moving water and its
contents across the surface of the cell.

n. Flagellum- or flagella are microscopic hair-like structures involved in

the locomotion of a cell. The word “flagellum’’ means “whip”. The
flagella have a whip-like appearance that helps to propel a cell
through the liquid.

o. Microvilli- play an important role in the digestion and absorption of

intestinal contents by enlarging the absorption surface approximately
25 times. They also secrete the enzynes disaccharides and peptidase
that hydrolyze disaccharides and polypeptides to monosacchrides
and dipeptides to amino acids, repectively.