BIOLOGY

1. The is the structural and functional unit of life.

2. All living things are made up of
3. are units of structure and function.
4. All cells arise from
5. Cells found only in bacteria and archaea. These cells lack a true nucleus and organelles
and have a cell wall and a cell membrane.
6. Cells found in all organisms except bacteria and archaea. These cells contain subcellular
structures called organelles, including a nucleus.
7. The membrane-enclosed organelle that houses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
8. A specialized compartment within a cell that is designed to perform a specific function.
Only eukaryotes possess organelles.
9. A boundary layer, made up primarily of phospholipids, that separates the cell interior
from its exterior. Found in all types of cells.
10. A long threadlike structure, consisting of DNA and protein, that carries genes in a linear
sequence and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Humans possess 46
chromosomes. The chromosome in prokaryotes forms a circular coil known as a
plasmid.
11. Responsible for protein assembly. The ribosome receives messenger RNA (mRNA) and
translates it into proteins. Found in all types of cells.
12. A semi-rigid outer layer that lies outside the cell membrane and gives structural support
and protection to the cell. Cell walls are found in plant, bacterial, fungal, and algal cells.
13. The “power plant” of the cell. The mitochondria are responsible for generating most of
the cell’s energy through ATP synthesis. Found in eukaryotes.
14. The organelle responsible for photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain machinery that
allows them to extract energy from light and convert it to ATP. They also convert carbon
dioxide to sugars, releasing oxygen.
15. This organelle, which creates a network of phospholipid membranes that run across a
cell, can be either smooth or rough.
16. Which have ribosomes attached to its membranes, synthesize proteins.
17. Aid in several metabolic functions, including the synthesis of lipids and steroids,
metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs.
18. The organelle responsible for packaging and processing complex macromolecules before
they are transported to other parts of the cell. Found in eukaryotes.
19. Organelles found primarily in animal cells and in some plant cells. Lysosomes are
compartments that envelop and destroy waste materials within the cell.
20. Compartments in the cell which store and isolate various items depending on a cell’s
needs. These organelles are found primarily in plant cells but may also be observed in
other organisms.
21. Finger-like projections found in eukaryotes that primarily serve as sensors for the cell. In
more complex organisms, cilia along multiple cells can also be used to transport small
particles.
22. Like cilia, flagella are tail-like structures that protrude from the cell and are used to
control the motion of the cell. Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
23. Found in animal cells, these organelles aid the process of cell division.
24. Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume).
25. The capacity to do work.
26. The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
27. The energy stored in a system (e.g., in the chemical bonds of ATP or in a compressed
spring).
28. The physics of what is and is not possible regarding energy.
29. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
(conservation of energy).
30. Every energy transfer or transformation results in the release of heat from the system to
the rest of the universe.
31. Energy management by a cell. The complex structure of a cell includes pathways along
which metabolism proceeds, aided by enzymes.
32. The study of how organisms manage energy, including heat production and transfer and
regulation of body temperature (endothermy and ectothermy).
33. The totality of chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
34. The metabolic synthesis of proteins, fats, etc., from simpler molecules; requires energy
in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
35. The metabolic breakdown of molecules.
36. A catabolic pathway to produce ATP, in which oxygen is sometimes consumed along
with an organic fuel (food). At other times, the process proceeds without atmospheric
oxygen, but this is less efficient.
37. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy on which, directly or indirectly, all
living things depend. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
38. The study of the speed of the process of transformation of energy in a cell; enzymes are
biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of a reaction without themselves being
consumed by that reaction.
39. Describes the time when the cell grows, takes in nutrients, and copies its DNA.
40. The point in the cell life cycle where most cell growth occurs, organelles are
synthesized, and nutrients are collected.
41. Chromosomes are replicated. During this phase, minimal RNA transcription takes place.
42. The last phase before mitosis. Critical machinery is manufactured within the cell to
enable cell division to occur. At the end of G2 phase, M phase begins.
43. The division of the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs—replication of the chromosomes is
completed during the S phase of interphase.
44. Division of the nucleus and distribution of nuclear materials, particularly chromosomes,
occurs.
45. DNA fibers (chromatids) condense into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks
down, and spindles begin to form at the poles of the cell.
46. The nuclear envelope completely dissolves: kinetochores develop on each chromosome,
and microtubules spread outward from the spindle and begin attaching to the
kinetochores.
47. Chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
48. Chromosomes split, and sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell.
49. Nuclear envelope re-forms around separated sister chromatids.
50. Division of the cytoplasm into two identical, separate daughter cells.
51. Most of a cell membrane’s specific functions are controlled by.
52. The basic method by which chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP is.
53. Which of the following regions exists just outside the nuclear membrane of most animal
cells?
54. The decay of a leaf after it falls from a tree indicates an increase in its
55. Alcoholic fermentation is a form of
56. Phagocytosis is a form of
57. In the structure of cells, in which of the following organisms would one find a cell wall?
58. Which of the following is the electron acceptor in fermentation?
59. The small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to
genetic instructions are called.
60. This refers to the spread of cancer cells to sites beyond their origin.
61. the father of classical genetics, was an Austrian monk who, in a small monastery, tended
a little garden and did experiments on garden peas, which have great variety.
62. Not all a eukaryotic cell’s genes are located on nuclear chromosomes—some are found
in.
63. A discrete heritable unit of information located on the chromosomes and made up of
DNA.
64. A long threadlike structure carrying genes in a linear sequence, found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells.
65. The substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting mostly of
proteins, DNA, and RNA
66. a threadlike strand formed as a chromosome condenses during the early stages of cell
division.
67. a heritable feature: for each character, an organism inherits two genes.
68. all the genes contained in a single set of chromosomes, an organism’s complete genetic
material.
69. a chromosome not directly involved in determining sex.
70. alternative versions of a gene, one from each parent. The existence of alleles explains
why there is variation in inherited traits. An expressed trait is determined by two alleles.
71. allele is fully expressed in the organism’s appearance.
72. allele has no noticeable effect unless two recessive alleles are inherited, in which case,
the recessive trait will be expressed.
73. an organism’s appearance; its observable, physical, and physiological traits; often
depends on environment as well as genes.
74. an organism’s genetic makeup (which is not always apparent); the combination of alleles
it possesses.
75. deoxyribonucleic acid): a double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of
replicating. DNA makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a
central role in determining heredity.
76. (ribonucleic acid): a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis,
the structure of which is specified by DNA
77. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed from
DNA to specialized sites within a cell (ribosomes) where the information is translated
into a protein.
78. is a convenient tool for determining possible genotypes and phenotypes when two
organisms with known genotypes are crossed.
79. The integument is the outermost covering of the body and is its largest organ. It consists
of the epidermis (thinner, outermost layer) and dermis (thicker, innermost layer). It also
includes specialized structures, the hair, and nails. Within the layers, there are also other
structures. Beneath the skin is the subcutaneous tissue.
80. The skeleton is the chief structural system which, along with the skin, provides form and
shape to the body. Comprised of 206 bones in adults, along with cartilage and ligaments,
the skeletal system is rigid, yet flexible because of joints; the bones form levers that are
moved by muscles.
81. strong and dense skeletal tissue. It makes up the hard outer portion of bone that supports
the skeletal system.
82. spongy skeletal tissue. It has a high surface area and contains many blood vessels.
83. bones are longer than they are wide— for example, the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibia
84. bones form long flat plates—for example, the cranium and pelvis.
85. bones are cube-shaped, with a hard exterior and spongy interior—for example, the bones
of the wrist and ankle.
86. bones are embedded in the tendons—for example, the patella (kneecap).
87. bones which do not fit into the types—for example, the spine.
88. is made up of muscle tissue in sheets or bundles of cells.
89. can be controlled by conscious thought—for example, the biceps.
90. cannot be controlled by the will—for example, the esophagus.
91. specialized and particular to the heart, contract spontaneously, and are regulated by
nervous system intervention.
92. is responsible for flexibility, movement, and tension.
93. consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems: the heart; blood vessels (tubes
through which blood is carried to and from the heart, including arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins); blood; lymphatic vessels and sinuses; and lymph nodes.
94. distributes blood and associated chemicals throughout the body and underlies all aspects
of function within the human body.
95. is the body’s protective mechanism. It consists of the lymphatic system; the white cells
of the blood and bone marrow; the thymus gland; and the outer fortress, the skin.
96. Two types of immune system
97. consists of the organs responsible for the interchange of gases between body and
atmosphere—the lungs (its center), the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
diaphragm.
98. includes the gastrointestinal tract (or alimentary canal), which is a tube with two
openings, the mouth, and anus, for intake of food and elimination of waste; as well as
accessory structures and organs such as the teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder.
99. compact, bean-shaped organs through which blood is cycled for removal of nitrogenous
waste and other substances.
100. or excretory tubules contained within the kidneys.
101. that serve the kidneys.
102. is one of two coordinating systems. (The other is the endocrine system, with
which the nervous system interacts and cooperates.)
103. the brain and spinal cord
104. the rest of the neural network—the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves
that branch from the spine
105. The cells of the nervous system consist of
106. Which of the following is one of the functions of Meissner’s corpuscles?
107. Which of the following structures is part of the axial skeleton?
108. Repetitive muscle contraction depends upon a phosphate group being added to
ADP by
109. The inner layer of squamous cells that lines the blood vessels is called the
110. Which of the following aspects of the immune system is responsible for the
rejection of organ transplants?
111. The enzyme that hydrolyzes protein in the digestive system is called.
112. The process of inhaling air begins with stimulation of the diaphragm by the
113. Which of the following is a disorder of body fluids common in renal disease?
114. Much of typically human emotion is thought to rely on interactions between the
cerebral
115. The area of the brain that integrates endocrine and neural functions is the
116. LH and FSH are both.
117. . Which of the following structures is partially responsible for the fact that a
mother does not reject the embryo as a foreign body, as she would a tissue or organ
graft?
118. The simplest of all genetic systems, infectious particles the largest of which can
barely be seen with a light microscope.
119. unicellular organisms—prokaryotes— with no true nucleus
120. Bacteria are classified into two groups.
121. Bacteria that require oxygen
122. Bacteria that do not require oxygen.
123. harness light energy for the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide
—for example, cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae).
124. obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, although they need only CO2 as
source of carbon—for example, Sulfolobus, which oxidizes sulfur.
125. may be descendants of the earliest forms of life. They include methanogens,
extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles.
126. proteins secreted by the bacterial cell; examples are Clostridium botulinum, which
causes the often-fatal disease botulism, and Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera.
127. not secreted by the bacterium but are merely components of its outer membrane;
examples are the various species of Salmonella, which cause food poisoning, and
Salmonella typhi, which causes typhoid fever.
128. both symbionts benefit
129. one symbiont receives benefits while neither harming nor helping the other.
130. one symbiont benefits but harms the host.
131. the process by which light energy, captured by the chloroplasts of plants, is
converted to chemical energy.
132. The cell walls of plants consist mostly of cellulose, and they store food in the
form of starch. See Section A of this chapter for more on the structure of plant cells.
133. have simpler tissues than vascular plants. They are covered by a waxy cuticle to
prevent dehydration, require water to reproduce, and lack woody tissue and so do not
grow tall but rather grow in mats low to the ground.
134. seeds are uncovered; plants achieve fertilization mainly through windborne
pollen.
135. flowering plants such as garden and wildflowers and hardwood trees; the
dominant plant form today (about 235,000 species)
136. The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the
137. The Calvin cycle is one of the two stages of plant.
138. A representation of the most recent evolutionary stage of plants
139. The European butterwort, sundew, and pitcher plant are examples of plants that
are.
140. The orientation of a plant toward or away from light is called.
141. The term morphogenesis, an area particularly important in plant development,
refers to the development of an organisms.
142. In science, which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the word
“theory’’?
143. Most primary producers in an ecosystem are.
144. The category of classification of organisms that contains one or several similar or
closely related families is the