BIOL 102

ASSIGNMENT
Name: Muhammad Mohsin
Roll No: 241575704
Submitted To: Doctor M. Rehan Siddiqi (Pro. Emeritus)
Submission Date: 8-12-2020
 Biological Terms
1- Plant biology
The scientific study of plants is called plant biology.

2- Unity in life
All livings things are different from one another but they also have common origin and common
ancestors and shared the common characteristics. This is what called unity in life. For example,
basic structure of cell in all living things is same, mitosis, meiosis, plants have same chloroplast,
universality of genetic code.

3- Diversity in life
Diversity in life is because of genetic recombination and mutation. Diversity among the
organisms is more obvious than fundamental unity. For example, Lizards, Frogs, and Fishes,
Pinus, flowering plant etc.

4- Complementarity of Structure and Function

The structure of cell tissues and organs in all living things are related to function and the function
is related to structure. For example, pipe like thing (vessel element) in the xylem of plants, Leaf
has chlorophyl, stomata, photosynthesis.

5- Complementarity of structure and environment

Structure is also related to environment and Environment is also related to structure. For
example, cactus, water Lilly. These cacti are well adapted to desert environment.

6- Evolution
The process of change with time is called evolution. Evolution is not a fact it is still a theory.
Modern biology is based on theory of evolution. For example, Evolution of Horses.

7- Scientific Method
Scientists use scientific method in which they follow steps to answer questions and solve
problems. The steps used for all investigations are the same, but the order of the steps may vary.

8- Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a statement that is to be tested. It is made on the basis of observations.

9- Observation
Observation is made on the basis of questions is called preliminary observations.
10- Experiment
Hypothesis is tested with the help of experiment. Experiment can be performed in a lab or a
field.

11- Communication
It is the final step of scientific methods. In this step scientists communicate the results and
findings.

12- Microscope
An optical instrument that uses a lens or a combination of lenses to produce magnified images
of small objects, especially of objects too small to be seen by the unaided eye. An instrument,
such as an electron microscope, that uses electronic, acoustic, or other processes to magnify
objects.

13- Plant Anatomy

It is concerned with the internal structure of plants

14- Plant physiology

It is concerned with the function of plant. For example, Photosynthesis, Absorption of water,
Growth, Transportation.

15- Plant Taxonomy

It deals with the study of naming and classification of organisms into different groups.

16- Plant Systematic

It is the study of diversity of organisms and relations among them.

17- Plant Ecology

It deals with relations and interactions between the plants and their environment.

18- Plant Morphology

It is the study of form and external structure of plants.

19- Dendrochronology
It deals with determining the past climates by examining the width and other features of tree
rings.
20- Plant Geography
It is the study of how and why plants are distributed.

21- Genetics
It is the science of heredity. Classical and molecular genetics are the types of genetics.

22- Cell Biology

It deals with the structure and function of cell.

23- Economic or Ethno-botany

It involves practical uses of plants and plants products.

24- Composition and Structure

The activities of living organisms originate in tiny structural
units called cells, which consist of cytoplasm (a soup like
fluid) bounded by a very thin membrane. All living cells
contain genetic material that controls their development and
activities.

25- Growth
Increase in size and volume through natural development.

26- Reproduction
The process by which new individuals (offspring) are produced from their parents by sexually
or asexually.

27- Carbohydrate
It is an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with twice as many
hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms per molecules.

28- Lipids
Lipids are molecules that containing hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the
structure and function of living cells. For example, Fats, oils and waxes.
29- Proteins, polypeptides and amino acids
Polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bond.
A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids held together by amine bonds. A
protein consists of one or more polypeptides (more than 50 amino acid long).
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH)
functional groups along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

30- Enzymes
One of numerous complex proteins that speeds up a chemical reaction in living cells without
being used up in the reaction.

31- Nucleic Acid

A complex organic substance present in living cells especially DNA or RNA whose molecules
consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

32- Light Microscope

It is the type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate
magnified images of small objects.

33- Electron Microscope

It is type of microscope that uses beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

34- Prokaryotic cells

Having a cell or cells that lack a distinct nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles.

Eukaryotic cells
Having cell or cells that contain distinct nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles.

35- Cell Wall

The relatively rigid boundary of cells of plants and other organisms.
36- Middle Lamella
A layer of material, rich in pectin, that cements two adjacent cell walls together.

37- Plasmodesmata
Minute strands of cytoplasm that extend.

38- Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of protoplasm of cell; also called cell membrane, particularly in animal
cells.

39- Nucleus
The organelle of living cell that contains chromosomes and is essential to regulation and control
of the cell functions; Also, the core of an atom.

40- Nuclear Envelope

A porous double membrane enclosing a nucleus.

41- Chromatin
A readily staining complex of DNA and proteins found in chromosomes.

42- Chromosome
A body consisting of a linear sequence of genes and composed of DNA and proteins, found in
cell nuclei and appear in contracted form during mitosis and meiosis.

43- Endoplasmic Reticulum

A complex system of inter-linked, double-membrane channels, sub-dividing the cytoplasm of
the cell into compartments; parts of it are lined with ribosomes.

44- Ribosomes
A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large number in the
cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptide and proteins.

45- Dictyosome
An organelle consisting of disk-shaped, often branching hole-low tubules that function in.

46- Plastids
An organelle associated primarily with the storage or manufacturing of carbohydrates.
47- Stroma
A region constituting the bulk of the volume of a chloroplast or other plastid; It contains
enzymes that in chloroplast play a key role in carbon fixation, carbohydrate synthesis, and other
photosynthetic reactions.

48- Grana
A series of stacked thylakoids within a chloroplast.

49- Thylakoids
Coin shaped membranes whose contents include chlorophyll; they mare arranged in stacks that
form the grana of chloroplasts.

50- Mitochondria
An organelle containing enzymes that function in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport
chain of aerobic respiration.

51- Microbodies
A microbody is type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals.

52- Vacuole
A pocked of fluid that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell by a membrane; it may occupy
more than 99% of a cell’s volume in plants; also, food storage or contractile pockets within the
cytoplasm of unicellular organisms.

53- Cytoskeleton
A network of microtubules and microfilaments involved in movement within a cell.

54- Cell Cycle

A sequence of events involved in the division of a cell.

55- Interphase
During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
56- Mitosis
Nuclear division, usually accompanied by cytokinesis, during which the chromatids of the
chromosomes separate and two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced.

57- Cytokinesis
Division of a cell is called cytokinesis.

58- Prophase
During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or
membrane, breaks down.

59- Metaphase
During metaphase chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, under tension from the mitotic
spindle.

60- Anaphase
Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

61- Telophase
During telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the
nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

62- Chromatid
One of the two strands of a chromosome; they are united by centromere.

63- Centromere
The dense, constricted portion of a chromosome to which a spindle fiber is attached.

64- Kinetochore
Specialized protein complexes that develop on vertical faces of a centromere during late
prophase; spindle fibers are attached.

65- Spindle Fibers

Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is
necessary for the equal division of chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during
mitosis and meiosis.
66- Meristem
It is the type of tissues found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell
division.

67- Apical meristem

A meristem at the tip of root or a shoot.

68- Lateral Meristem

It consist of vascular and cork cambium. It produces secondary tissues from a ring of vascular
cambium in stems and roots.

69- Intercalary Meristem

It is the type of meristematic tissues associated with the growth in length in the middle position.
Thus, the name.

70- Parenchyma tissues

Thin-walled cells varying in size, shape, and function; the most common type of plant cell.

71- Collenchyma
Tissues composed of cells with unevenly thickened walls.

72- Sclerenchyma
Tissues composed of lignified cells with thick walls; the tissue function primarily in
strengthening and support.

73- Xylem
The tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are
conducted; it consists of several type of cells.

74- Phloem
The food- conducting tissue of a vascular plant.

75- Epidermis
The exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems and roots, and other parts of
plants.
76- Cuticle
A fatty or waxy layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells.

77- Periderm
Outer bark composed primarily of cork cells.

78- Secretary tissues

cell or tissue producing a substance or substances that are moved outside the cell.

79- Angiosperm
A plant whose seeds develop within ovaries that mature into fruits.

Gymnosperm
A plant whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary during their development. For example:
pine tree.

80- Pith
Central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots; it usually consists of parenchyma cells that
become proportionately less of the volume of woody plants as cambial activity increases the
organ girth.

81: Dicotyledon
A class of angiosperms whose seed commonly have two cotyledons; frequently abbreviated to
dicot.

82- Monocotyledon
A class of angiosperms whose seeds have a single cotyledon; commonly abbreviated to mono-
cot.

83- Stele
the central cylinder of tissues in a stem or root; usually consists primarily of xylem and phloem.

84- Endodermis
A single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue in roots and some stems; the cells have
Casparian strips.
85- Pericycle
Tissue sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem of root; often only one or two cells
wide in transverse section; the site of origin of lateral roots.