AIMST UNIVERSITY

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FACULTY OF MEDICINE
Anatomy unit

HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL -LOG BOOK

MBBS,BATCH 26, 2020

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CONTENTS Page
Number
Synopsis of Year 1 histology practical 2
Histology practical 1:Epithelium & glands 3
Histology practical 2: Connective tissue, Skin 8
Histology practical 3: Cartilage, Bones & Muscles 11
Histology practical 4: Nervous tissue & Blood vessels 16
Histology practical 5: Lymphoid tissue 19

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 SYNOPSIS OF YEAR 1 HISTOLOGY PRACTICAL

Histology practical 1:Epithelium & glands

The objective of the practical is to demonstrate the microscopic anatomy of epithelium - simple
squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium,simple columnar epithelium, stratified
epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium, transitional epithelium and describe the serous & mucous
acini in multicellular glands.

Histology practical 2: Connective tissue, Skin

The objective of the practical is to demonstrate the histology of connective tissue- areolar tissue,
dense connective tissue, adipose tissue and histology of thick & thin skin.

Histology practical 3: Cartilage, Bones & Muscles

The objective of the practical is to demonstrate the microscopic anatomy of cartilage – hyaline,
fibro & elastic, histology of bone – Haversian system in the bone and the microscopic anatomy of
muscle – skeletal, cardiac & smooth.

Histology practical 4: Nervous tissue & Blood Vessels

The objective of the practical is to demonstrate the histology of nervous tissue, microscopic
anatomy of artery and veins.

Histology practical 5: Lymphoid tissue

The objective of the practical is to demonstrate the histology of lymphoid organs- Lymph node,
spleen, thymus and palatine tonsil.

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 Histology practical 1:Epithelium & glands

Learning outcomes:

1. Demonstrate the types of epithelium and the site of their presence.

2. Describe the simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium.
3. Demonstrate and discuss the types of glands and the histological structure of serous and mucous
acini.
4. Draw the histology of different types of epithelium using Hematoxylin & Eosin pencils.

Simple squamous epithelium

1. Composed of a single layer of flattened, scale or plate-like cells resting on the basement
membrane. The nuclei of the squamous epithelial cells are often flattened or ovoid, located
close to the centre of the cells.
2. Lines the blood vessels(as endothelium), pleural,pericardial and peritoneal cavities (as
mesothelium).Also present in the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule and thin limb of Henle’s
loop in kidney.

Kidney-Cortex

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 Simple cuboidal epithelium

1. Composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells (height and breadth of the cells are equal) resting on
the basement membrane. The nuclei are located close to the centre of the cells.
2. Present in the follicles of the thyroid gland, small excretory ducts of many glands, tubules of
the kidney and on the surface of the ovary.

Simple columnar epithelium

1. Composed of a single layer of tall columnar cells (height is more than the breadth) resting on the
basement membrane. The nuclei are usually oval and located close to the base of the cells.
2. Lines the gall bladder,stomach,intestines and excretory ducts of many glands

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 Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

1. Composed of many layers of cells.The flattened superficial cells have lost their nuclei and filled
with keratin pigments(keratinized).
2. Present in the epidermis of thick and thin skin.

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

1. Composed of many layers of cells.The most superficial layer consists of flattened cells and no
keratin pigments(non keratinized).
2. Lines the mouth,esophagus and vagina.

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 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

1. Composed of falsely(pseudo) stratified cells.All the cells rest on the basal lamina but some cells
are small and do not reach the lumen.
2. Lines the trachea and primary bronchi of lungs.

Transitional epithelium

1. Composed of many layers of cells.The superficial cells are dome shaped(in relaxed state) and
become flattened when stretched.
2. Lines the urinary organs-calyses of kidney,ureter,urinary bladder and urethra.

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 Glands-Serous acini

1. Serous acini are grape-like clusters lined by cuboidal,columnar or pyramidal cells which rest on
the basement membrane.Serous cells show round nuclei near the base, darkly stained cytoplasm
and secrete watery,proteinous secretion which contains enzymes.
2. Serous acini are present in parotid,submandibular salivary glands and lacrimal glands.

Glands-Mucous acini

1. Mucous acini are grape-like clusters lined by cuboidal cells which rest on the basement
membrane.Mucous cells show flat nuclei near the base, lightly stained cytoplasm and secrete
thick viscous secretion which cntains mucin.
2. Mucous acini are present in submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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 Histology practical 2: Connective tissue, Skin
Learning outcomes:

1. Demonstrate the composition and types of connective tissue.

2. Describe the loose areolar, dense and adipose connective tissue.
3. Demonstrate and describe the histology of thick & thin skin.
4. Draw the histology of different types connective tissue, thick and thin skin using H & E
pencils.

Loose areolar connective tissue

1. Composed of less fibres but more cells and extracellular matrix than dense connective tissue.
2. Fibres include collagen,elastic and reticular.Cells include fibroblasts, lymphocytes,
macrophages, plasma cells,mast cells,eosinophils,pericytes and adipose cells.
3. Areolar connective tissue is present in most organs,mucous membrane and subcutaneous tissue.

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 Dense irregular connective tissue

1. Composed of more fibres but less cells and extracellular matrix than loose connective tissue.
2. Fibres include collagen,elastic and reticular(arranged iregularly). Cells include fibroblasts,
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells,mast cells,eosinophils,pericytes and adipose cells..
3. Dense irregular connective tissue is present in dermis of skin and capsules of organs.
.

Adipose connective tissue

1. Specialised loose connective tissue that contains adipose cells or adipocytes.

2. Adipocyte has a thin rim of cytoplasm with a flattened peripheral nucleus.Adipose connective
tissue is present in subcutaneous tissue,omentum,mesentery and bone marrow.

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 Thick skin

1. Thick skin is present in palm and sole.Composed of two layers – outer epidermis and inner
dermis.Epidermis is thick and shows 5 layers-stratum basale,stratum spinosum,stratum
granulosum,stratum lucidum and stratum corneum(thick).
2. Dermis has superficial papillary and deep reticular layers. Sweat glands are present in the dermis.

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 Thin skin
1. Thin skin is present in other parts of the body except palm and sole.Composed of two layers –
outer epidermis and inner dermis.Epidermis is thin and shows 5 layers-stratum basale,stratum
spinosum,stratum granulosum(not seen clearly),stratum lucidum(not seen clearly), and stratum
corneum(thin).
2. Dermis has superficial papillary and deep reticular layers. Hair follicles,sebaceous glands,arector
pili muscle and sweat glands are present in the dermis.

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 Histology practical 3: Cartilage, Bones & Muscles
Learning outcomes:

1. Demonstrate and describe the structure of hyaline, fibro & elastic cartilages.
2. Discuss the histology of bone-Haversian system and differentiate the compact and cancellous
bone.
3. Describe the microscopic anatomy of three types of muscle- skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle.
4. Draw the histology of different types of cartilage,bone and muscle using H & E pencils.

Hyaline cartilage

1. Covered by perichondrium-2 layers-outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer.Hyaline cartilage
shows basophilic homogeneous matrix-territoreal and interterritoreal.
2. The chondrocytes are seen in lacunae as isogenous groups (cell nests).Hyaline cartilage is seen in
costal cartilage,articular cartilage,trachea,bronchi, thyroid and cricoid cartilages of larynx.

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 Elastic cartilage

1. Covered by perichondrium-2 layers-outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer.Elastic cartilage
shows elastic fibres in the matrix.
2. The chondrocytes are closely packed with eccentrically placed nuclei.Elastic cartilage is seen in
ear pinna,auditory tube,epiglottis,corniculate and cuneiform cartilages of larynx.

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 Fibro cartilage

1. Fibrocartilage is not covered by perichondrium.It shows dense bundles of collagen fibres with
rows of chondrocytes between the bundles.
2. Fibrocartilage is seen in intervertebral disc,glenoid labrum(scapula) and acetabular labrum(hip
bone).

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 Compact bone

1. Compact bone is covered by periosteum -2 layers-outer fibrous and inner cellular

layers.Compact bone is made up of Haversian systems with Haversian canals and concentric
lamellae of bone matrix.
2. The osteocytes are arranged concentrically with canaliculi.Haversian canals communicate with
each other by Volkmann’s canals.

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 Cancellous bone

1. Cancellous bone is covered by vascular endosteum.Cancellous bone shows bony trabeculae

separated by bone marrow.
2. Absence of of Haversian systems and lamellar arrangement. The osteocytes are embedded in
the matrix of the trabeculae.

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 Skeletal muscle

1. Skeletal muscle is striated,voluntary and attached to the bones.It is covered by connective tissue-
epimysium,perimysium and endomysium.
2. Skeletal muscle fibre is an elongated,unbranched muscle cell.It has many flat nuclei located in
the periphery.It shows cross stiations of alternate dark(A) and light (I) bands.

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 Cardiac muscle

1. Cardiac muscle is srtiated,involuntary muscle found in the heart.Cardiac muscle fibres are shorter
than skeletal muscle and shows branching pattern.It has cross striations of alternate dark(A) and
light (I) bands.
2. Cardiac muscle fibre has single oval, centrally placed nucleus. It shows intercalated discs which
are specialised cell junctions between ends of adjacent muscle fibres.

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 Smooth muscle

1. Smooth muscle is nonstriated(smooth),involuntary muscle, found in the walls of gastrointestinal

organs,blood vessels,urinary organs and vas deferens.
2. Smooth muscle fibres are elongated spindle shaped cells with single,elongated centrally placed
nucleus.

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 Histology practical 4: Nervous tissue & Blood Vessels
Learning outcomes:

1. Demonstrate and describe the structure of neuron and neuroglial cells in nervous tissue.
2. Discuss the histology of large, medium sized and small arteries.
3. Describe the microscopic anatomy of large and medium sized veins.
4. Draw the histology of nervous tissue and different types of blood vessels using H & E pencils.

Spinal cord

1. Composed of inner grey matter and outer white matter. Inner grey matter shows dorsal and
ventral horns with multipolar neurons and neuroglial cells-astrocytes,oligodendrocytes and
microglia.
2. Outer white matter shows nerve fibres and neuroglial cells.

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 Large elastic artery

1. Examples are aorta and its major branches.Composed of 3 layers-tunica intima,media and
adventitia.Tunica intima shows endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue.Tunica media
is composed of circularly arranged elastic fibres,few smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres.
2. Tunica adventitia is composed of fibroelastic connective tissue with small blood vessels(vaso
vasorum) and nerve fibres.

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 Medium sized muscular artery

1. Examples are branches of external carotid artery,radial and ulnar arteries.Composed of 3 layers-
tunica intima,media and adventitia.Tunica intima shows endothelium and prominent internal
elastic lamina.Tunica media is composed of mainly smooth muscle cells arranged circularly,few
elastic fibres and collagen fibres.External elastic lamina is seen clearly.
2. Tunica adventitia is composed of fibroelastic connective tissue with few small blood
vessels(vaso vasorum) and nerve fibres.

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 Large vein

1. Examples are superior vena cava and inferior vena cava..Composed of 3 layers-tunica
intima,media and adventitia.Tunica intima shows endothelium and subendothelial connective
tissue.Tunica media is thin.
2. Tunica adventitia is thicker,made up of fibroelastic connective tissue with longitudanal bundles
of smooth muscle.
.

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 Histology practical 5: Lymphoid tissue
Learning outcomes:

1. Demonstrate and describe the structure of lymphoid organs- Lymph node, spleen, thymus
and palatine tonsil.
2. Draw the histology of different lymphoid organs using H & E pencils.
Lymph node
1. Covered by capsule which sends septa inside.Lymph node has outer cortex and inner
medulla.Cortex shows lymphatic nodules,sinusoids and paracortex.Lymphatic nodule has
germinal center and is composed of lymphocytes.
2. Inner medulla shows medullary sinusoids(endothelial lined spaces) and medullary
cords(composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells).

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 Spleen

1. Covered by capsule which sends trabeculae inside.Spleen has no cortex and medulla but shows
red and white pulp.White pulp is made up of aggregation of lymphocytes(lymphatic nodule)
around a central arteriole.
2. Red pulp is composed of irregular anastomosing splenic cords of Bilroth (consist of reticular
fibres with reticular cells,lymphocytes,macrophages and plasma cells) and splenic venous
sinuses lined by endothelial cells.

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 Thymus

1. Covered by thin capsule which sends septae inside dividing the lobe into incomplete
lobules.Each lobule has a darkly stained cortex at the periphery and lightly stained medulla in the
centre.
2. Cortex is densely packed with lymphocytes and epithelial reticular cells.The medulla shows less
densely packed lymphocytes and prominent Hassll’s corpuscles which are made up of central
hyaline material surrounded by flattened epithelial cells.

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 Palatine tonsil

1. Covered by connective tissue capsule on the lateral surface while its medial surface shows many
crypts lined by stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium.
2. The lamina propria shows lymphatic nodules made up of lymphocytes.Many mucous glands are
present in the deeper part of tonsil.

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