TISSUES

1. Describe the general makeup of

a tissue.
2. List the four primary tissue
types.
3. Explain how histology relates
to biopsies and autopsies.
 How to classify tissues?
❏ Tissues are Based on the structure
collections of of the cells.
specialized cells and
the extracellular Based on the composition of
substances extracellular matrix
surrounding them
Based on the functions of
the cells
 Types of tissue
1. epithelial tissue,
2. connective tissue,
3. muscle tissue, and
4. nervous tissue.
EPITHELIAL MUSCLE

CONNECTIVE NERVOUS
Epithelial Tissue
Characteristics common to
most types of epithelial tissue

1. Mostly composed of cells

2. Covers body surfaces
3. Distinct tissue surfaces
4. Cell and matrix connections
5. Nonvascular
6. Regeneration
Epithelial Tissue
FUNCTIONS

1. Protecting underlying
structures
2. Acting as a barrier
3. Permitting the passage of
substances
4. Secreting substances
5. Absorbing substances
Classification of Epithelial Tissues

Epithelial tissues are classified primarily

according to the number of cell layers
and the shape of the superficial cells.
Classification of Epithelial Tissues
Types of epithelium based on the
number of cell layers;

1. Simple epithelium
2. Stratified epithelium
3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
4. Transitional epithelium
1. Simple epithelium
- consists of a single layer of
cells, with each cell extending
from the basement membrane
to the free surface.
1. Simple epithelium

Found in the lining of blood vessels,

alveoli of the lungs and small ducts.
2. Stratified epithelium
- consists of more than one
layer of cells, but only the basal
layer attaches the deepest layer
to the basement membrane.
Simple epithelium

Primarily found In the skin, mouth, pharynx,

larynx, esophagus, anus and vagina.
 3. Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
- is a special type of simple
epithelium. It consists of one layer
of cells, with all the cells attached
to the basement membrane. There
appear to be two or more layers of
cells because some of the cells are
tall and extend to the free surface,
whereas others are shorter and do
not extend to the free surface
3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
4. Transitional epithelium
is a special type of stratified
epithelium. The shape of its
cells changes from cuboidal and
columnar to squamous-like
when stretched.
4. Transitional epithelium
There are three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells:

Squamous (flat
or scalelike) Cuboidal (cells
are cube shaped)

Columnar (tall and thin,

similar to a column)
 Naming Epithelial Tissues

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Classified according to the condition
of the outermost layer of cells.
 Naming Epithelial Tissues

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Found in Sweat gland ducts, ovarian
follicular cells, salivary gland ducts.
 Naming Epithelial Tissues

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Found in mammary gland ducts,

larynx, a portion of the male urethra.
Connective Tissue
Major functions

1. Enclosing and separating other

tissues

2. Connecting tissues to one another

3. Supporting and moving parts of

the body
4. Storing compounds.
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting and Protecting.
Cells of Connective Tissue
The name of the cell identifies the cell functions
by means of one of the following suffixes:

(1) Blasts create the matrix,

(2) Cytes maintain it, and
(3) Clasts break it down for remodeling
Example
1. Osteoblasts (forms the 3. Osteoclasts, which break it
bone) down.

2. Osteocytes, which maintain

 Connective
Tissue Proper
The LOOSE and DENSE
 The extracellular matrix of connective
tissue has three major components

collagen, reticular, and

1. Protein fibers elastic fibers

which consists of nonfibrous

2. Ground substance protein and other molecules

Water, plasma and

3. fluid secretions.
 Loose
Connective Tissue
consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a
lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with
ground substance and fluid.
Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
 Dense
Connective Tissue
Has a relatively large number of protein fibers,
which form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the
extracellular space.
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense connective tissue can be subdivided into
two major groups:

1. Regular (protein fibers in the extracellular

matrix that are oriented predominantly in one
direction)

2. Irregular (contains protein fibers arranged as a

meshwork of randomly oriented fibers)
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
 Supporting
ConnectiveTissue
The Solid (Bone) and Semi-solid (Cartilage)
 Semi-solid (Cartilage) Matrix Supporting
Connective Tissue

large amounts of both collagen

1. Hyaline fibers and proteoglycans

has more collagen fibers than

2. Fibrocartilage proteoglycans

has numerous elastic fibers

3. Elastic in addition to collagen and
proteoglycans
“Lightning crotch”
Supporting
Connective
Tissue: Bone
Solid Matrix
Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone
● a hard connective tissue that consists of
living cells and mineralized matrix

● Has organic and inorganic portions

● Organic: protein fibers, primarily collagen

● Inorganic: consists of specialized crystals called

hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate)
Trabecular
Trabecular/
Spongy

Compact
Fluid
Connective
Tissue
 There are three types of cellular structures

1. Red Blood Cells

2. White blood Cells
3. Platelets
The process of blood cell
formation is called
Hematopoiesis
 Erythropoiesis

Leukopoiesis

Megakaryopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
 Types of tissue
1. epithelial tissue,
2. connective tissue,
3. muscle tissue, and
4. nervous tissue.
The main characteristic of
muscle tissue is that it
contracts, or shortens, with a
force and therefore is
responsible for movement
Nervous Tissue

It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves and is characterized by the ability
to conduct electrical signals called
action potentials. Nervous tissue
consists of neurons and glia.
Neurons can be
grouped based on their
structure.
1. Multipolar neurons
2. Bipolar neurons.
3. Pseudo-unipolar
neurons