Lab Report

EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES

• PHSIOLOGY
• Title: Body Tissues
• Name: Ayham Faisal
• Student ID: 21902011
• Instructor’s name: Dr.Wasan &
Dr.Rayan
• Due Date: 21/09/2021

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There are different types of body tissues:
§ Epithelial tissue
§ Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue:
Epithelium is made up of continuous sheets of cells that line interior surfaces and cover the
body's outside. It protects tissues by acting as a selective barrier. The epithelium is separated
from the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
Epithelium is classified based on three criteria:
• Number of cell layers (simple or stratified)
• Shape of surface cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional or pseudostrafied
columnar )
• Simple squamous cell:

A single layer of flattened cells in contact with the basement membrane makes
up simple squamous epithelium. The thinness of these cells allows for selective
material movement across the epithelium by diffusion (gases, fluids, nutrients).

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Location (eg. Kidney tubes)

A single layer of cuboidal cells makes up a simple cuboidal epithelium. This

epithelium is frequently related with waste absorption, secretion, or excretion.

Simple columnar epithelium: Location(small intestine)

A single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide makes up simple
columnar epithelium. Absorption and secretion are frequently connected with
this epithelium.

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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Location( trachea)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears to be stratified because the

nuclei of the epithelial cells are at different levels, but every cell is in contact
the basement membrane. The epithelial cells vary in height.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Location e.g. skin

Multiple layers of cells flatten as they go from the basal to apical levels in
stratified squamous epithelium. It is keratinized on the body's exterior surface
and offers abrasion resistance.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium: location e.g. Sweat glands

Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of

cuboidal shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as
ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Stratified columnar epithelium: location e.g. male urethra

The stratified columnar epithelium is largely responsible for secretion and

defense.
Transitional epithelium: location e.g. lines the bladder

The cells of the transitional epithelium stretch easily

to accommodate changes in the amount of liquid in an organ.

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 Connective tissues:
Connective tissue supports, ties together, and protects the body's tissues and
organs.
Types of connective tissues:
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Blood
• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
Common characteristics of connective tissue
à Variation in blood supply: The majority of connective tissues have blood vessels.
The blood supply to tendons and ligaments is inadequate. Cartilages have no blood
supply.
à Extracellular Matrix: Connective tissues are made up of a variety of cell types as
well as varied quantities of the extracellular matrix, a nonliving material present
outside the cells.
Extracellular matrix is divide into 2 substances they are ground substances and protein fibers.
Ground substances Protein fibers
Water: sever as a water reservoir for the body Embedded in the ground substance
Adhesion protein: it serve as a glue which Types of protein fibers:
allows the connective tissue to attach Collagen fibers
themselves to the matrix fibers in the ground Elastic fibers
substance. Reticular fibers
Large charged protein polysaccharide molecules:
it traps water
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers
The great tensile Yellow fibers are Reticular fibers
strength of white characterized by their Collagen strands that
fibers distinguishes ability to stretch and make up the skeleton of
them. rebound after being soft organs like the
stretched. spleen.

BONE: e.g. osseous tissue

There are 2 types of bones: spongey bone and compact bone.

It's made up of bone cells that sit in lacunae and are surrounded by layers of a highly hard
matrix that includes calcium ions as well as a lot of collagen fibers. Bones are primarily
responsible for protecting and supporting other bodily organs.

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 Cartilage: e.g. Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone, and it can only be found in a few
locations in the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common kind of cartilage, with
numerous collagen fibers concealed by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white
appearance. Types of cartilage: Hyaline cartilage attaches the ribs to the breastbone,
fibrocartilage forms the cushionlike disks between the spinal cord, elastic cartilage
supports the external ear.
Dense connective tissue: lower layes of skin

Its major matrix constituent is collagen fibers. Rows of fibroblasts, which create the
fiber's building components, are crammed in between the collagen strands. Dense
connective tissue includes tendons and ligaments. Dense connective tissue also makes
up the bottom layers of the skin (dermis), where it is organized in sheets. Ligaments
are more flexible and contain more elastic fibers than tendons.
Loose connective tissue:
Except for blood, loose connective tissues are softer and have more cells and fewer
fibers than any other form of connective tissue.
There are different types of loose connective tissue:
Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissues
Areolar connective tissue:

Areolar Tissue is a soft, flexible tissue that wraps around the bodily organs, cushioning and protecting
them. It aids in keeping the internal organs in their appropriate places and together. The lamina
propria is a delicate layer of areolar connective tissue. Its fluid matrix is made up of a loose network
of several sorts of fibers. It acts as a water and salt reservoir for the tissues around it.

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Adipose tissue:
Adipose tissue is the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin that insulates and protects the body
from extremes of heat and cold. It also protects specific organs.
There are 2 types of adipose tissue:
Brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue

Brown adipose tissue comprises cells with numerous lipid droplets interspersed amid dense
mitochondria, which helps give this tissue a darker appearance. White adipose tissue consists
of cells each have one big cytoplasmic droplet of whitish-yellow fat.
Reticular connective tissue:

It is made up of a delicate network of reticular fibers and reticular cells. In lymphoid organs
like lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow, it creates the stroma, which may maintain a
significant number of free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes).
Blood:

Blood, also known as vascular tissue, is a type of connective tissue that is made up of blood
cells encased in a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma. Blood fibers are soluble protein
molecules that only become apparent when blood clots.
The functions are carrying nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases and other substances.