DIFFERENT BODY

TISSUES
B Y: G R O U P 4
WHAT IS BODY TISSUES?

• Group of cells that are similar in structure and function

• Tissues are organized into organs
• The shape and structure of the cells of tissues determines the
function of the tissue
• Four primary types:
1. Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Is the lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body.

Epithelial tissues perform a variety of function that include:
1. Protection
2. Secretion
3. Absorption
4. Excretion
5. Filtration
6. Diffusion
7. Sensory Reception
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
• One layer cells
• Most concerned with absorption, secretion and filtration.

TYPES OF SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
∙ It resembles as floor tiles
∙ Is a single layer of thin squamous cells
resting on basement membranes
∙ Forms the air sacs of lungs, the walls of the
capillaries, serous membrane.
2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
∙ One layer of cuboidal cells resting on the
basement membrane is common in
glands and their ducts, kidney tubules
and covers the surface of the ovaries.
3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
∙ Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit
closely together.
∙ It forms the goblet cells, which forms the
lubricating mucus, lines the entire length of
digestive tract from the stomach to anus,
line the cavities open to body exterior
called mucosae.
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• Consist of two or more cell layers
• These epithelia function primarily to protect

TYPES OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
∙ Consists of several layers of cells
∙ The cells at the free edge are squamous
cells whereas those close to the basement
membrane are cuboidal or columnar.
2.STRATIFIED COLUMNAR AND STRATIFIED
CUBOIDAL
∙ It is found mainly in the ducts of large glands.
 ∙ Has just two cell layers with the surface cells
being cuboidal in shape and the surface cells if
stratified columnar but its basal vary in shape
and size.

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Is a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that
forms the lining of only few organs- the urinary bladder,
the ureters and part of the urethra.
• Cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar, those are at the
surface vary in appearance.
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• A gland is consisting of one or more cells that make and
secrete a particular product. This product is called
SECRETION.
• The two major glands develop from epithelial sheets are
ENDOCRINE and EXOCRINE.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Connects the body parts

• They are primarily involved in protecting, supporting and
binding together other body tissues.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. BONE
∙ Is sometimes called the osseous tissue, is composed
of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae and
surrounded by layers of very hard matrix that
contains calcium salts in addition to large numbers
of collagen fibers.
∙Its rocklike hardness it has the ability to protect
and support other body organs.
2. CARTILAGE
∙ Is less hard and more flexible than bone.
∙ The skeleton of fetus is made of hyaline
cartilage.
∙ Highly compressible fibrocartilage forms the
spinal column.
∙ Elastic cartilage is found where a structure with
elasticity is desired such as in the external ear.
3. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
∙ It is also called Dense Fibrous Tissue has collagen
fibers as its main matrix element.
∙ Crowded between collagen fibers are rows of
fibroblast that forms the building blocks of fibers.
∙ It forms a strong ropelike structures such as tendons
and ligaments.
 4. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
∙ Are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers
than any other connective tissue type except
blood.

TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 AREOLAR TISSUE – The most widely distributed
connective tissue variety in the body,
is a soft, pliable, cobwebby tissue
that cushions and protects the body
organ it wraps. It holds the internal
organs together and their proper
positions.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE- Is commonly called FAT. It forms the
subcutaneous tissue and beneath the
skin where it insulates the body and
protects it from bumps and extreme of
both heat and cold. It cushions the eye
balls from their sockets.

 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES- Consist of delicate

network of interwoven reticular fibers
associated with reticular cells which
resembles fibroblast.
- It forms the stroma (mattress)or internal
framework, which can support many
free blood cells (lymphocytes) in
lymph nodes, the spleen and bone
narrow.
5. BLOOD
∙ Or called the vascular tissue because it consists of
blood cells surrounded by nonliving, fluid matrix
called blood plasma.
∙ The fibers of blood are soluble proteins molecules
that become visible only during blood clothing.
MUSCLE TISSUE

• Are highly specialized to contract or shorten to produce

movement.

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

 SKELETAL – Is package by connective tissue sheets into
organs.
- Can be controlled voluntarily forms the flesh
of the body.
- The cells are long, cylindrical, multinucleate
and have obvious striations- are often called
muscle fibers.
 CARDIAC - Found only in the heart.
- Cardiac muscle cells are called cardiomyocytes
(cardiocytes).
-These cells make up the myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart
-Endomysium
-Skeletal muscle- Voluntary basis
-Cardiac muscle- Involuntary basis
-Intercalated disks- Form an interlocking zigzag connection.

Three types of cells junctions:

1. Desmosomes - Supporting the filaments in adjoining cardiac cells to prevent
separation.

2. Fascia Adherens – Also work to connect and bind cardiac muscle cells by adhering to
the actin filaments.

3, Gap Junctions – Are the tiny channels between adjoining cardiac cells.
Note:
Specialized Pacemaker cells in the heart connect to these gap junctions and work to
control the heart rate.
 SMOOTH – No striations are visible.
- The individual cells have a single nucleus and
are spindle-shaped.
- It is found in the walls of hollow organs such as
stomach, uterus and blood vessels.

Examples:
1. Gastrointestinal tract
2. Respiratory tract
3. Uterus
4. Ciliary muscle of the eye
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE SMOOTH MUSCLE
TISSUE

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

• Made up of neurons
• It receives and conduct electrochemical impulses from one
part of the body to another, thus, irritability and conductivity
are their two major functions.
TISSUE REPAIR

• When tissue injury occurs, it stimulates the body’s inflammatory

and immune response.
• Inflammatory is generalized body response that attempts to
prevent the further injury.

• Tissue repair occurs in two ways:

REGENERATION- the replacement of destroyed
tissue by the same kind of cells.
FIBROSIS- involves the repair by dense connective
tissue by the formations of scar tissue.
Which occurs depends on (1) the type of
damage and (2) the severity of injury.
• Tissue injury sets a series events into motion:
- The capillaries become permeable. This allows
the fluid rich in clotting proteins and other
substances to seep into the injured area from
the bloodstream. Then leaked clotting protein
construct a clot which stops the loss of blood,
holds the edges of the wound together.
- Granulation tissue. It is a delicate pink tissue
composed largely of new capillaries that
grow into the damaged area from the
undamaged blood vessel nearby. These
capillaries are fragile and bleed freely as when
a scab is picked away from the skin wound.
- The surface epithelium regenerates. As the
surface epithelium begins to regenerate, it
makes its way across the granulations tissue just
beneath the scab. The scab soon detaches
and final result is a fully regenerated surface
that covers underlying are of fibrosis.