TISSUE

TISSUE
Are collections of similar cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them.
HISTOLOGY
The study of tissues.
THE FOUR PRIMARY TISSUES TYPES ARE:
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. MUSCLE TISSUE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE
THE THREE TYPES OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE
1. ENDODERM – forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives.
2. MESODERM – forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels.
3. ECTODERM – forms the outermost layer of skin and the nervous system.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE

 Covers surfaces
 Has little extracellular material
 Usually has a basement membrane
 Has no blood vessels
EPITHELIAL CELLS

 Have a free, or apical, and surface ( not attached to other cells)

 A lateral surface ( attached to other cells)
 A basal surface ( attached to the basement membrane)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE FUNCTION
1. Protecting underlying structures
Example: outer layer of skin and oral mucosa
2. Acting as barriers.
Example: outer layer of skin
3. Permitting the passage of substances
 – Example: epithelium in the lungs
4. Secreting substances
Example: mucous glands and sweat glands
5. Absorbing substances.
Example: epithelial cells of the intestine
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL
CELL LAYERS
 SIMPLE EPITHELIUM – has one layer of cells.
 STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM – has more than one cell layer
 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM – has one layer, but appears to have two or
more layers.
 TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM – is stratified epithelium that can be greatly
stretched.
CELL SHAPE

 SQUAMOUS – are flat and thin

 CUBOIDAL – are cube like
 COLUMNAR – are tall and thin

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA
A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Structure – single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells.
Function – diffusion, filtration, some secretion and some protection against friction.
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Structure – single layer of cube-shaped cells.
Function – Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion and absorption
by cells of the kidney tubules.
C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Structure – single layer tall, narrow cells.
Function – movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells.
D. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Structure – single layer of cells.
Function – Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface.
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
a. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Structure – several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer.
Function – protects against abrasion, forms a barrier against infection and reduces
loss of water from the body.
b. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
Structure – stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the organ or tube is not
stretched.
Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube.
c. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
Structure – multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells
Function – secretion, absorption, protection against infection.
d. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Structure – multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more
cuboidal cells.
Function – protection and secretion.

EPITHELIAL STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIOSHIP

CELL CONNECTIONS

 TIGHT JUNCTIONS – bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier.
 DESMOSOMES – mechanically bind cells together.
 HEMIDESMOSOSES – mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane.
 GAP JUNCTIONS – allow intercellular communication.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE GLANDS

 A gland is a single cell or multicellular structure that secretes.

Endocrine glands do not have ducts
o Secrete hormones directly into the blood.

Exocrine glands have ducts

o Secretions are released onto a surface or into a cavity.
o Sweet glands and mammary glands.
 Structure of Exocrine Glands
1. SIMPLE: have one duct
2. COMPOUND: have ducts that branch repeatedly.
 3. TUBULES: ducts end in small tubes.
4. ACINI: ducts in saclike structures.
5. ALVEOLI: ducts end in hollow sacs.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 It consist of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.

FUNCTION

 Enclosing and Separating

 Connecting tissues to one another
 Supporting and moving
 Storing
 Cushioning and insulating
 Transporting
 Protecting
CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 BLAST (germ) cells form the matrix

 CYTE (cell) cells maintain it.
 CLAST (break) cells break it down.
ETRACELLULAR MATRIX

 PROTEIN FIBERS
o Collagen fibers are flexible but resist stretching
o Reticular fibers form a fiber network
o Elastic fibers recoil

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATION

 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – is the “loose packing materials of the body.

o Fills the spaces between organs.
o Holds organs in place.
 ADIPOSE TISSUE (FAT)
o Stores energy
o Pads and protects parts of the body
o Acts as a thermal insulator
 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – consists of a matrix containing densely packed fibers.
o Collagen fibers
o Elastic fibers
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Structure: A network of fibers with spaces between the fibers.
Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is
associated.

ADIPOSE TISSUE
Structure: Little extracellular matrix surrounding cell.
Function: Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs
against injury from being bumped or jarred.
RETICULAR TISSUE
Structure: Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged.
Function: Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in same what direction in tendons
and ligaments.
Function: Withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation due to
great tensile strength and stretch resistance
DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in some what the
same direction in elastic ligaments.
Function: Capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the
direction of fiber orientation.

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

HYALINE
Structure: Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix.
 Function: Allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea,
bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces;
forms the embryonic skeleton.
FIBROCARTILAGE
Structure: the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick
bundles.
Function: Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects
structures subjected to great pressure.
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Structure: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers.
Function: Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage
SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE
Structure: Hard, bony matrix predominates
FUNCTION: Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs
FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD
Structure : Made up of various cells present in the plasma.
FUNCTION: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and
other substances

MUSCLE TISSUE

THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE:

1. SKELETAL MUSCLE
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE
3. SMOOTH NUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Structure: Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear striated ( banded); cells are large, long and
cylindrical, with many nuclei.
Function: Movement of the body; under voluntary control.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Structure: Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical and striated and have a single nucleus.
Function: Pumps the blood, under involuntary ( unconscious) control.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Structure: Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a
single nucleus.
Function: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of
light entering the eye, and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; under involuntary
( unconscious) control.

NERVOUS TISSUE
- Nervous tissue is specialized to conduct action potentials ( electrical signals)
- Neurons conduct action potentials
- Neuroglia support the neurons.

NERVOUS TISSUE
Structure: A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; glia, or support
cells, surround the neurons
Function: Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials, store
information, and integrate and evaluate data; glia support, protect, and form specialized
sheaths around axons.