WHAT IS TISSUES?

Tissues
-are groups of specialized cells and the extra cellular
substances surrounding them.

HISTOLOGY
-derived from the two word histo means tissue, and
ology means study.
-is the microscopic study of tissue structure.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR PRIMARY TISSUE TYPES?

NERVE TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE

EPITHELIUM
-derived from the word, epi means upon, thele means covering.
-found virtually everywhere, both inside and outside the body, It is primarily a
cellular tissue, meaning there is very little extracellular material between the
cells

Characteristics:
Mostly composed of cells
Covers body’s surface
Has an exposed surface
Attaches at the basal surface
Has specialized Cell connections and matrix attachments
Is avascular
Is capable of regeneration
 Major functions of EPITHELIA
Protecting underlying
structures.
Acting as a barrier.
Permitting the passage of
substances.
Secreting substances.
Absorbing substances.
Three types of Epithelium
Squamous
-cells are flat or scale like

Cuboidal
-cells are cube-shaped about as wide
as they are tall.

Columnar
-cells tend to be taller than they
are wide
 Simple Squamous Epithelium

-single layer of thin, flat cells. Some

substances easily pass through this thin
layer of cells, but other substances do
not.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
-single layer of cube like cells that
carry out active transport,
facilitated diffusion, or section.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Single layer of talk, thin cells. The large
size of these cells enables them to
perform complex functions.
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
-actually a single layer of cells, but the
cells appear to be layered due to the
differing heights of adjacent cells and
positions of their nuclei. Provides
protection for the body.
Functions of Connective Tissue

Enclosing and separating other tissue

Connecting tissues to one another
Supporting and moving parts of the
body.
Cushioning and insulating
Transporting
Protecting
Classifications of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper

1. Loose Connective Tissue- consist of
relatively few protein fibers that form a
lacy network, with numerous spaces
filled with ground substance and fluid.
Three Subdivisions

1. Areolar- consist of collagen fibers and few elastic fibers.

2. Adipose- consist of adipocytes or fat cells which contains a

large amounts of lipids for energy storage.

3. Reticular- forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as

in the spleen and lymph nodes , as well as in bone marrow
and liver.
Dense Connective Tissue

-relatively large number if protein fibers

that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of
the extracellular space.
Two major Subcategories of Dense
Connective Tissue

1. Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue

-extracellular matrix consisting mostly of
collagen fibers.

2. Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

-abundant elastic fibers among its collagen
fibers. The elastic fibers allow the tissue
stretch and recoil.
Supporting Connective Tissue

1. Cartilage
-composed of chondrocytes or cartilage
cells located in spaces called lacunae
within the an extensive matrix.
Three types of Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage

Most abundant type of cartilage and has

many functions
Fibrocartilage

More collagen than does hyaline

cartilage and bundles of collagen fibers
can be seen in matrix.
Elastic Cartilage

Contains elastic fibers in addition to

collagen and proteoglycans.
Bone

A hard connective tissue that consist of

living cells and mineralized matrix.
Two Type of Bone Tissue

Spongy Bone- has spaces between

trabeculae or plates, of bone and
therefore resembles a sponge.

Compact Bone- more solid with almost

No Space between many thin layers of
mineralized matrix.
Fluid Connective Tissue

Blood
-unique because the matrix is liquid,
enabling blood cells and platelets,
collectively called formed elements, to
move through blood vessels.
Muscle Tissue

The main function of muscle tissue is to

contract, shorten making movement
possible. Muscle contraction results
from contractile proteins located within
the muscle cells called muscle fibers.
Three types of Muscle Tissue

1. Skeletal
 skeletal muscle attaches to the
skeleton and enables the body to
move.
Skeletal muscle cells are striated or
banded, because of the arrangement of
contractile proteins within the cells.
2. Cardiac muscle- the muscle of the
heart, it is responsible for pumping
blood. They are often branched and
connected to one another by
intercalated disk.
3. Smooth Muscle- forms a walls of
hallow organs except the heart. It is
also found in skin and the eyes. It is
responsible for a number of
functions such as moving food
through the digestive tract, and
emptying the urinary bladder.
Nervous Tissue
-form the brain, spinal chord and nerves. It is responsible for
coordinating and controlling many body activities.
Awareness of ourselves and external environment, emotions, reasoning
skills, and memory are other functions performed by nervous tissue.

Nervous tissue consist of neurons and support cells called glial cells.
Neurons- or nerve cell is responsible for conducting electrical signal.
Three Parts of Neurons
1. Cell body- contains nucleus and is the site of general cell functions.
2. Dendrites- usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes.
3. Axons- conduct electrical signals which usually originate at the base
of an axon where it joins the cell body and travel to the end of the
axon
Glial cells- are the support cells of the nervous system. They nourish,
protect and insulate the neurons.
Thank you and God
bless!
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