Animal Tissue

By Dr Vipan Goyal
 Animal Tissue
• A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work together
to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
• A group of tissues with the same functions forms an organ and
group of organs forms an organ system.
• The group of organ system make an organism.
 Animal Tissue
• There are four types of tissue found in an animal.
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
• Multicellular (large) organisms function more efficiently if cells
become specialized for specific functions.
• A tissue is composed of cells that function together in a specialized
activity.
 Animal Tissue
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Forming tight covering and protecting layers below.
 (largest organ- skin, largest gland- liver)
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Holding other tissues together and are surrounded by lots of
non living material.
 Animal Tissue
• MUSCLE TISSUE
 Shortening and lengthening to move other tissues.
• NERVOUS TISSUE
 Allowing rapid flow of ions in and out to conduct signals
 Epithelial Tissues
• The skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung
alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous
sheet.
• They have only a small amount of cementing material between
them and almost no intercellular spaces.
• Obviously, anything entering or leaving the body must cross at least
one layer of epithelium.
 Epithelial Tissues
• As a result, the permeability of the cells of various epithelia play an
important role in regulating the exchange of materials between the
body and the external environment and also between different
parts of the body.
• Two types of epithelial tissues
 Covering and lining epithelium (outer layer of the skin and some
organs)
 Glandular epithelium (constitute the secreting portion of
glands)
 Epithelial Tissues
• There are three types of cells in epithelial tissues
 Squamous – thin flat cells eg: oesophagus and the lining of the
mouth, Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to
prevent wear and tear. Since they are arranged in a pattern of
layers, the epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.
 Cuboidal - cells are roughly square, forms the lining of kidney
tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides
mechanical support.
 Columnar- elongated cells
 Glandular Epithelium
• Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells,
which can secrete substances at the epithelial surface. Sometimes a
portion of the epithelial tissue folds inward, and a multicellular
gland is formed. This is glandular epithelium.
• Two types of glands :
 EXOCRINE- secrete their products into ducts. Eg: salivary glands
and mammary glands
 ENDOCRINE – secrete their products into blood stream. Eg :
Pancreas
 Functions of Epithelial Tissues
• Provides physical protection
• Control permeability
• Detects sensations (sight, smell, taste)
 Connective Tissues
• Most abundant and most widely distributed tissues in the body. These
tissues provide support for organs and the body as a whole, protect and
insulate internal organs and compartmentalize structures such as skeletal
muscles, nerves. It is made up of cells, ground substances and fibers.
• Ground substances together with fibers make matrix.
• Connective tissues can be classified as:
 Loose connective tissue(fibers are loosely woven)
 Dense connective tissue(few cells among a dense network of fibers
with little ground substances)
 Connective Tissues classification
 Cartilage(tough but flexible)
 Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles,
around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the
space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of
tissues.
 Blood tissue – (composed of blood cells, cell fragments and blood
plasma)
 Bone tissue(two types; compact and spongy)
o Compact – with osteons
o Spongy – no osteons
 Connective Tissues classification
 ADIPOSE TISSUES
o Fat or adipose tissue is an anatomical term for loose
connective tissue composed of adipocytes.
o Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it
also cushions and insulates the body.
 Connective Tissues classification
 TENDONS
o Tendons connect
BONE to MUSCLE.
The Achilles tendon
is the largest and
strongest tendon in
the body.
Connective Tissues classification
 LIGAMENT
o Ligaments connect
BONE to BONE. The
longest ligament founds
in the human body is
the ligament of
Plantaris.
 Muscle Tissue
• They are elongated and are called as
muscle fibers. This tissue is
responsible for movement in our
body. Muscles contain special
proteins called contractile proteins,
which contract and relax to cause
movement.(actin and myosin, actin
and myosin are reponsible for Rigor
Mortis)
 Muscle Tissue
• Muscle cells have main properties:
 Excitability (ability to respond to stimuli)
 Contractibility (ability to contract)
 Elasticity (ability to returns to its original shape)
 Extensibility (ability to be stretched without tearing)
 Muscle tissue is classified into three types (cardiac, skeletal and
smooth)
 Skeletal Muscles
• These are known as striated muscles or voluntary muscles.
• These muscles are attached to bones by tendons and are
responsible for skeletal movements.
• Basic unit of a skeletal muscle is a muscle fiber. The cells of this
tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (having
many nuclei).
 Cardiac Muscles
• These are unique and found only in the wall of the heart. These
muscles are involuntary in action. They don’t get fatigued(because
of no formation of lactic acid).
 Smooth Muscles
• These are made up of thin elongated muscle cells, called smooth
muscle fibers.
• These fibers are pointed at their ends and each has a single, large
oval nucleus.
• Each cell has many myofibrils which lies parallel to one another in
striated pattern, as in skeletal muscles.
• They are found in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the bronchi of
the lungs.
 Nervous Tissue
• It is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves and consists of only two
principal kinds of cells, neurons and neuroglial.
• Neuroglial cells that do not transmit impulses but instead support the
activities of the neurons.
• Schwann cells, a type in the peripheral nevous system found only in
mammals.
• Cells of nervous tissue have three
principal parts:
 Dendrites - Many short, branched
parts (processes) called dendrites.
 Cell body- contains nucleus and
cytoplasm.
 Axon – Each neuron has a single
long part (process), called the axon.
 Nervous Tissue
• All information from our environment is detected by the specialised tips of
some nerve cells.
• These receptors are usually located in our sense organs, such as the inner
ear, the nose, the tongue, and so on.
• So gustatory receptors will detect taste while olfactory receptors will
detect smell.
• The information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell,
sets off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse.
• This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the
axon to its end.
 Nervous Tissue
• At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some
chemicals.
• These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical
impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
• This is a general scheme of how nervous impulses travel in the body.
• A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland.
• Nervous tissues are the only tissues in the human body that do not
regenerate. Neuron is the largest cell the human body.
Thank You