Population Census

By Dr Vipan Goyal
 Population Census
• 1872: Lord Mayo conducted Census for the first time in India.
• 1881: Lord Ripon started census every decade. (conducted after every 10
years)
• Census Act 1948 under Home Ministry
• Data conducted by Registrar General and Census Commissioner
• 2011= 7th Census of Free India.
 Demographic transition → Census perspective
• 1) Stagnant Population (1901-1921) where Birth rate is High and Death
rate is also High.
 In Census 1921 our population had declined (-0.31%) compared to
1911, due to WW1, Drought, Epidemics, Spanish flu influenza.
 This happened only once throughout the demographic history of India,
so 1921 is called the year of great divide.
• 2) Steady Growth (1921-1951) where Birth rate is High and Death rate is
Medium.
 Called ‘Mortality induced growth’ because death rate had declined
 Demographic transition → Census perspective
• 3) Rapid High Growth (1951-1981) where Birth rate is High and Death rate
is Low.
 Agriculture revolution, medical research, life expectancy increased.
 Result is population explosion / ‘Fertility induced growth’
• 4) High Growth with Definite Signs of Slowing Down (1981-2011) where
Birth rate is Medium to low and Death rate is Lower.
 Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
• A British scholar Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) noted,
 Food production increases in arithmetic progression (1,3,5,7) while
population increases in geometric progression (sequence 2, 6, 18, 54
with a common multiple of 3).
 Therefore, Nature itself tries to establish equilibrium between
population vs food supply, using ‘Positive Checks such as famine,
epidemics, earthquake.
 Malthus also advised humans to initiate ‘Preventative Checks to
control population growth e.g. family planning, late marriages, and
celibacy.
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Population density: Number of people per square kilometer.
 − It was 382 in 2011
• Decadal pop. growth rate
 It is the Population in (Latest Census2011 – Last
Census2001/Last Census2001.
 − It was 17.7% in 2011
• Birth Rate − Number of live births per 1000 population.
 − It’s ~20 in 2016
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Death Rate − Number of live deaths per 1000 population.
 − It’s ~6 in 2016
• Population’s Growth Rate
 It is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
 If it’s a positive figure then country is witnessing a rate of
natural increase in population.
 When it’s close to zero then population is said to be ‘stabilized’
or has reached the ‘replacement level’.
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Fertility Rate
 number of live births per 1000 women in the child-bearing age group
(15 to 49 years).
• Total Fertility Rate
 Total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her
life time if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-
specific fertility in the population.
 TFR of about 2.1 children per woman is called Replacement-
level fertility
 IMR: Infant Mortality Rate = number infant deaths under the age of 1
year per 1000 live births. It’s ~34/1000 in 2016
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• CMR: Child Mortality Rate = number child deaths under the age of
5 years per 1000 live births. It’s ~50 in 2016.
• MMR: Maternal Mortality Ratio = number of women who die in
childbirth per 1 lakh live births. It’s ~130 in 2016..
• Life Expectancy
 Estimated number of years that an average person is expected
to survive. Indian Females (70), Males (67)
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• Sex Ratio - Sex Ratio = number of females per 1000 males.
• 2011 census, it is 943.
• Child Sex Ratio = girls (0-6 years) per 1000 boys in that age group.
 All India declined from 927 (2001) → 919 (2011).
 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

• Dependency Ratio (%) = (population below 15 or above 64) divided

by population in the 15-64 age group.
 Demographic dividend = phenomenon when dependency ratio
of a country declines, and it witnesses larger proportion of
people in the working age compared to dependency age.
 Key facts
• Census 2011 were released in New Delhi on 31st March 2011 by
Union Home Secretary GK Pillai and RGI C Chandramouli.
• Census 2011 was the 15th census of india & 7th census after
Independece
• The motto of census 2011 was “Our Census, Our future”.
• Total estimated cost of the Census was INR 2200 crore (US$350
million).
• First census in 1872.
 Key facts
• Present Registrar General & Census Commissioner – C.Chandra
Mouli
• Total Population – 1,210,569,573 (1.21 Billion)
• India in 2nd rank in population with 17.64%. decadal growth &
China is 1st rank with decadal growth 19% (over 1.35 billion)
• World Population is 7 Billions
• Increase in population during 2001 – 2011 is 181 Million
 Population

Females: Total
Males: 623.7
586.46 Population:
Million
Million 1210.19
(51.54%)
(48.46%) Million
 Population
Top Populous of the Country
1 Uttar Pradesh 19,98,12,341
2 Maharashtra 11,23,74,333
3 Bihar 10,40,99,452
4 West Bengal 9,12,76,115
5 Andhra Pradesh 8,45,80,777
 Population
Least Populous of the Country
1 Lakshadweep 64,473
2 Daman and Diu 2,43,247
3 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 3,43,709
4 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3,80,581
5 Sikkim 6,10,577
 Population Highlight
Highest Populous UT Delhi
Least Populous UT Lakshadweep
Highest Populous state Uttar Pradesh
Least populous state Sikkim
Highest urban Population in india (state& UT) Maharashtra – 4,11,00,980
Lowest urban Population in india (state& UT) Lakshadweep – 26,967
Highest Rular Population in india (state& UT) Uttar Pradesh – 13,16,58,339
Lowest Rular Population in india (state& UT) Lakshadweep – 33,683
 Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)
Sex ratio in India 943
Highest sex ratio in state Kerala (1084)
Lowest sex ratio in state Haryana (879)
Highest sex ratio in UT Pondicherry (1037)
Lowest sex ratio in UT Daman and Diu (618)
Child (0-6 years) sex ratio 914
Highest child (0-6) sex ratio in state Mizoram (971)
Lowest child (0-6) sex ratio in state Haryana (830)
 Literacy Rate in India
Total Person Literacy Rate 74%
Males 82.14%
Females 65.46%
Highest Literacy Rate in State Kerala (94%)
Lowest Literacy Rate in State Bihar (61.8%)
Hightest Literacy Rate in UT Lakshadweep (91%)
Lowest Literacy Rate in UT Dadra and Nagar Haveli (76.24%)
 Minorities → Census-2011
• Out of total population: Hindu (79.8%) > Muslim(14.2%) >
Christian(2.3%) > Sikh (1.7%) > Buddhist (0.7%) > Jain(0.4%) > Parsis
(0.06%) > others (0.72%)
• Decadal population growth rate of religious groups (2001-2011):
Hindus: 16.8%; Muslim: 24.6%; Christian: 15.5%; Sikh: 8.4%;
Buddhist: 6.1% and Jain: 5.4%.
• % Jains out of total state population: Maharashtra (1.3%) >
Rajasthan (1.2%) > Delhi (1.1%) > Gujrat (1.0%). Elsewhere in the
country their proportion in negligible.
 Minorities → Census-2011
Where Non-hindus are Majority
• Muslims: J&K & Lakshadweep
• Sikhs: Punjab
• Buddhists: Sikkim
Where Hindus are Minority
• Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalaya, J&K, Arunachal,
Manipur and Punjab
 National Population Policy 2000
• Achieving TFR= 2.1 (Replacement level) by 2010. (Although now shifted to
2025)
• Achieve stable population by 2045 i.e. India’s population growth rate and
age pyramid composition should remain stable.
• Recommended that Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha seats be freezed based
on the 1971 Census, until 2026.
Thank You