Rectifiers and Filters

RECTIFIERS AND
FILTERS
NILANJAN BYABARTA
• BASIC RECTIFIER SETUP, HALF WAVE RECTIFIER, FULL WAVE RECTIFIER,
BRIDGE RECTIFIER, DERIVATIONS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTIFIERS,
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS-OPERATION, INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS,
FILTERS, INDUCTOR FILTER, CAPACITOR FILTER, L- SECTION FILTER, -
SECTION FILTER, MULTIPLE L- SECTION AND MULTIPLE  SECTION
FILTER ,COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FILTER CIRCUITS IN TERMS OF
RIPPLE FACTORS.
Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

OUTLINE…
• WHAT IS POWER SUPPLY?
• NEED FOR POWER SUPPLY
• ELEMENTS OF POWER SUPPLY
• FILTERS
• VOLTAGE REGULATORS
• A BASIC POWER SUPPLY

WHY WE GO FOR POWER SUPPLY STUDIES?
➢ALL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS NEED SMOOTH DC

POWER SUPPLY IN ORDER TO FUNCTION
CORRECTLY.
➢THE DC POWER SUPPLIED EITHER FROM BATTERY
OR POWER PACK UNITS
CONTD…
➢THE BATTERY POWER SUPPLY MAY NOT BE ECONOMICAL

➢SOME OTHER CIRCUITS, THOSE USING DIGITAL ICS, ALSO NEED
THEIR POWER SUPPLY TO BE REGULATED.

WHAT IS A POWER SUPPLY?
• A DEVICE, WHICH CONVERTS, REGULATES, AND TRANSMITS THE

REQUIRED POWER TO THE CIRCUIT TO BE OPERATED

WHAT IS AC
• THE VOLTAGE (AND CURRENT) ALTERNATES BETWEEN

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OVER TIME AND THE
RESULTING WAVEFORM SHAPE IS A SINE WAVE.

WHAT IS DC?
• A DIRECT CURRENT (DC) SUPPLY STAYS AT A FIXED,
REGULAR, VOLTAGE ALL OF THE TIME, LIKE THE
VOLTAGE FROM A BATTERY.

ELEMENTS OF A POWER SUPPLY
• TRANSFORMER
• RECTIFIER
• FILTER
• REGULATOR

TRANSFORMER
• THE AC LINE VOLTAGE AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL
PURPOSE IS NOT SUITABLE FOR ELECTRONIC
CIRCUITS.
• MOST OF THE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS REQUIRE A
CONSIDERABLY LOWER VOLTAGE

CONTD…..
• THE TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE USED TO CONVERT THE AC LINE VOLTAGE TO A VOLTAGE

LEVEL MORE APPROPRIATE TO THE NEEDS OF THE CIRCUIT TO BE OPERATED
• AT THE SAME TIME, THE TRANSFORMER PROVIDES ELECTRICAL ISOLATION BETWEEN THE AC
LINE AND THE CIRCUIT TO BE OPERATED.
• THIS IS AN IMPORTANT SAFETY CONSIDERATION.

CONTD….
• THE OUTPUT OF THE TRANSFORMER IS STILL AN AC

VOLTAGE, BUT NOW OF AN APPROPRIATE
MAGNITUDE FOR THE CIRCUIT TO BE POWERED.

RECTIFIERS
• RECTIFIER IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERT AC

VOLTAGE IN TO PULSATING DC
• A RECTIFIER UTILIZES UNIDIRECTIONAL CONDUCTING
DEVICE EX : P-N JUNCTION DIODES

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE STUDIED WHILE
ANALYZING THE VARIOUS RECTIFIERS
• RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY
• PEAK VALUE OF THE CURRENT
• PEAK VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE
• RIPPLE FACTOR
TYPES
• DEPENDING UP ON THE PERIOD OF CONDUCTION
❖ HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
❖ FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
• DEPENDING UP ON THE CONNECTION PROCEDURE

❖BRIDGE RECTIFIER

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
• THE RIPPLE FACTOR IS QUITE HIGH(1.21)

• RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY IS VERY LOW(40%)
• TUF IS LOW(0.21)
• THE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT IS NORMALLY NOT USED AS A POWER RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS
❖AS DIODES CONDUCT CURRENT IN ONE DIRECTION AND BLOCK IN
OTHER.
❖WHEN CONNECTED WITH AC VOLTAGE, DIODE ONLY ALLOWS HALF
CYCLE PASSING THROUGH IT AND HENCE CONVERT AC INTO DC.
❖AS THE HALF OF THE WAVE GET RECTIFIED, THE PROCESS CALLED
HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION.

▪ A DIODE IS CONNECTED TO AN AC SOURCE AND A LOAD
RESISTOR FORMING A HALF WAVE RECTIFIER.
▪ POSITIVE HALF CYCLE CAUSES CURRENT THROUGH DIODE,
THAT CAUSES VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS RESISTOR.

IRMS = √I2dc + I2ac
Iac = √I2rms + I2dc
When the above equation is divided by using Idc then we can get the following
equation.
Iac / Idc = 1/ Idc √I2rms + I2dc
However, here Iac / Idc is the ripple factor formula

R.F = 1/ Idc √I2rms + I2dc = √ (Irms / Idc)2 -1
Ripple Factor of Half Wave Rectifier
For half-wave rectifier,
Irms = Im/2
Idc = Im/ π
We know the formula of R.F = √ (Irms / Idc)2 -1
Substitute the above Irms & Idc in the above equation so we

can get the following.
R.F = √ (Im/2 / Im/ π)2 -1 = 1.21

Ripple Factor of Full Wave Rectifier
For full-wave rectifier,
Irms = Im/√ 2
Idc = 2Im / π
We know the formula of R.F = √ (Irms / Idc)2 -1
Substitute the above Irms & Idc in the above equation

so we can get the following.
R.F = √ (Im/√ 2/ 2Im / π)2 -1 = 0.48

DIODE AS RECTIFIERS
❖ REVERSING DIODE.
❖ AVERAGE VALUE OF HALF WAVE OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
VAVG = VP / PI
❖ VAVG IS APPROX 31.8% OF VP
❖ PIV: PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE = VP

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
• RIPPLE FACTOR IS (0.48)

• RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY IS HIGH(81.2%)
• TUF IS HIGH(0.693)

FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS
❖ A FULL WAVE RECTIFIER ALLOWS UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT THROUGH THE LOAD
DURING THE ENTIRE 360 DEGREE OF INPUT CYCLE.
Full Wave Rectifier
❖ THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE HAVE TWICE THE INPUT FREQUENCY.
VAVG = 2VP / pi
❖ VAVG IS 63.7% OF VP

THE CENTER-TAPPED FULL WAVE
RECTIFIERS
• A CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER IS USED WITH TWO DIODES
THAT CONDUCT ON ALTERNATING HALF-CYCLES.
F D1
+ –
During the positive half-
+
Vin
I
Vout
cycle, the upper diode is
0
–
0
forward-biased and the
+ +
RL lower diode is reverse-
–
– biased.
– +
D2
F D1
– +
During the negative half- –

Vin Vout
cycle, the lower diode is +
0 0
forward-biased and the – +
RL
upper diode is reverse- + I –
biased. + –
D2

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
• SUITABLE FOR APPLICATIONS WHERE LARGE POWERS ARE REQUIRED

THE BRIDGE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
❖THE BRIDGE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER USES FOUR DIODES CONNECTED
ACROSS THE ENTIRE SECONDARY AS SHOWN.
F
I
D3 D1
+ +
Conduction path for the
Vin
– –
+ positive half-cycle.
D2 RL Vout 0
D4 –
I
D3 D1
– –
Conduction path for the
Vin
negative half-cycle. + +
+
D2 RL Vout 0
D4 –

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A POWER SUPPLY

Math
Q = C * V, C = capacitance in farads, Q = charge in coulombs,
V = voltage potential
Q = I * T, I = current flow in amps, Q = charge in coulombs, T =

time in seconds
F = 1 /T, F = frequency in hZ, T = period in seconds

The charge of the capacitor acquired is referred to as
Vrrms*C
Charge lost on it is given as
Idc*T2
However, both the equations of acquired and lost are equated
Vrrms*C = Idc*T2
If the considered capacitor or the resistor of the filter is large enough then
T2 = T/2 = 1/2f
Then,
Vrrms = Idc/2fC
As per the assumptions based consider that ripple factor waveform in the shape of a triangle
Vr rms=Vrrms/(2√3)
On substituting the known value of Vrrms the above equation can be rewritten as
Vrrms=Idc/(4√3 fC)
Therefore by the concept of ohms law;
Idc=Vdc/RL
Then,
Vrrms=Vdc/(4√3 fCRL )
(Vrrms)/Vdc =1/(4√3 fCRL )
FIELDS?

POINTS TO NOTE…
• THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN DESIGNING A POWER SUPPLY IS THE DC VOLTAGE

AT THE OUTPUT
• IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO FURNISH THE MAXIMUM CURRENT NEEDED ,MAINTAINING THE VOLTAGE
AT CONSTATNT LEVEL

CONTD…
• THE AC RIPPLE SHOULD BE LOW

• THE POWER SUPPLY SHOULD BE PROTECT IN THE EVENT OF SHORT CIRCUIT ON THE LOAD SIDE
• THE RESPONSE OF THE POWER SUPPLY TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES SHOULD BE MINIMUM

Filter Circuits
• THE OUTPUT FROM THE RECTIFIER SECTION

IS A PULSATING DC.
• THE FILTER CIRCUIT REDUCES THE PEAK-TO-

PEAK PULSES TO A SMALL RIPPLE VOLTAGE.
48
Ripple Factor
After the filter circuit a small

amount of AC is still
remaining. The amount of
ripple voltage can be rated
in terms of ripple factor (r).
ripple voltage (rms) Vr(rms )

%r = =  100
dc voltage V dc
49
RECTIFIER RIPPLE FACTOR
Half-Wave Full-Wave
DC output: DC output:
Vdc = 0.318Vm Vdc = 0.636Vm
AC ripple output: AC ripple output:

Vr(rms) = 0.385Vm Vr(rms) = 0.308Vm
Ripple factor: Ripple factor:

Vr(rms) Vr(rms)
%r =  100 %r =  100
Vdc Vdc
0.385Vm 0.308 Vm
=  100 = 121% =  100 = 48%
0.318Vm 0.636 Vm
50
Types of Filter Circuits
CAPACITOR FILTER
RC FILTER
51
Capacitor Filter
Ripple voltage
I dc 2.4I dc 2.4Vdc
Vr(rms) = = =
4 3fC C RLC
The larger the capacitor the
smaller the ripple voltage.
DC output
I 4.17I dc
Vdc = Vm − dc = Vm −
4fC C
Ripple factor
Vr(rms) 2.4I dc 2.4
%r =  100 =  100 =  100
Vdc CVdc RLC
52
Diode Ratings with Capacitor Filter
The size of the capacitor increases the current drawn through the diodes—
the larger the capacitance, the greater the amount of current.
Peak Current vs. Capacitance:
CV
I=
t
where
C = capacitance
V = change in capacitor voltage during charge/discharge
t = the charge/discharge time
53
RC Filter Circuit
Adding an RC section further

reduces the ripple voltage and
decrease the surge current
through the diodes.
XC

Vr(rms)  Vr(rms)
R
Vr(rms) = ripple voltage after the RC filter

Vr(rms) = ripple voltage before the RC filter
R = resistor in the added RC filter
XC = reactance of the capacitor in the added RC filter
VNL − VFL
%VR =  100%
VFL
VNL = no-load voltage
VFL = full-load voltage
54
Voltage Regulation Circuits
There are two common types of circuitry for

voltage regulation:
• Discrete Transistors
• IC’s
55
Discrete-Transistor Regulators
Series voltage regulator
Current-limiting circuit
Shunt voltage regulator
56
Series Voltage Regulator Circuit
The series element controls the amount of the input voltage that gets to
the output.
If the output voltage increases (or decreases), the comparator circuit

provides a control signal to cause the series control element to decrease
(or increase) the amount of the output voltage.
57
• R1 and R2 act as the sampling circuit

• Zener provides the reference voltage
• Q2 controls the base current to Q1
• Q1 maintains the constant output
voltage
When the output increases: When the output decreases:
1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2 1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2

increases decreases
2. The conduction of Q2 increases 2. The conduction of Q2 decreases
3. The conduction of Q1 decreases 3. The conduction of Q1 increases
4. The output voltage decreases 4. The output voltage increases
58
The op-amp compares the

Zener diode voltage with
the output voltage (at R1
and R2) and controls the
conduction of Q1.
59
Current-Limiting Circuit
When IL increases:
• The voltage across RSC increases

• The increasing voltage across RSC drives Q2 on
• Conduction of Q2 reduces current for Q1 and the load
60
Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit
The shunt voltage regulator

shunts current away from
the load.
The load voltage is sampled and fed back to a comparator circuit.

If the load voltage is too high, control circuitry shunts more
current away from the load.
61
Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit
When the output voltage increases: When the output voltage decreases:
• The Zener current increases • The Zener current decreases

• The conduction of Q2 increases • The conduction of Q2 decreases
• The voltage drop at Rs increases • The voltage drop at Rs decreases
• The output voltage decreases • The output voltage increases
62
IC Voltage Regulators
Regulator ICs contain:
• Comparator circuit
• Reference voltage
• Control circuitry
• Overload protection
Types of three-terminal IC voltage regulators
• Fixed positive voltage regulator

• Fixed negative voltage regulator
• Adjustable voltage regulator
63
Three-Terminal Voltage Regulators
The specifications for this IC indicate:
• The range of input voltages that can be regulated for a specific range of
output voltage and load current
• Load regulation—variation in output voltage with variations in load
current
• Line regulation—variation in output voltage with variations in input
voltage
64
Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator
These ICs output a fixed negative output voltage.
65
Adjustable Voltage Regulator
These regulators
have adjustable
output voltages.
The output voltage

is commonly
selected using a
potentiometer.
66
Practical Power Supplies
DC supply (linear power supplies)
Chopper supply (switching power supplies)
TV horizontal high voltage supply
Battery chargers
67
• THANK YOU

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RECTIFIERS AND

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

➢ALL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS NEED SMOOTH DC

➢THE BATTERY POWER SUPPLY MAY NOT BE ECONOMICAL

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• A DEVICE, WHICH CONVERTS, REGULATES, AND TRANSMITS THE

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE VOLTAGE (AND CURRENT) ALTERNATES BETWEEN

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE USED TO CONVERT THE AC LINE VOLTAGE TO A VOLTAGE

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE OUTPUT OF THE TRANSFORMER IS STILL AN AC

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• RECTIFIER IS A DEVICE WHICH CONVERT AC

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• DEPENDING UP ON THE CONNECTION PROCEDURE

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE RIPPLE FACTOR IS QUITE HIGH(1.21)

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Iac = √I2rms + I2dc

However, here Iac / Idc is the ripple factor formula

We know the formula of R.F = √ (Irms / Idc)2 -1

Substitute the above Irms & Idc in the above equation so we

R.F = √ (Im/2 / Im/ π)2 -1 = 1.21

We know the formula of R.F = √ (Irms / Idc)2 -1

Substitute the above Irms & Idc in the above equation

R.F = √ (Im/√ 2/ 2Im / π)2 -1 = 0.48

❖ AVERAGE VALUE OF HALF WAVE OUTPUT VOLTAGE:

❖ VAVG IS APPROX 31.8% OF VP

❖ PIV: PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE = VP

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• RIPPLE FACTOR IS (0.48)

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Full Wave Rectifier

❖ THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE HAVE TWICE THE INPUT FREQUENCY.

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

During the negative half- –

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• SUITABLE FOR APPLICATIONS WHERE LARGE POWERS ARE REQUIRED

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Q = I * T, I = current flow in amps, Q = charge in coulombs, T =

F = 1 /T, F = frequency in hZ, T = period in seconds

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN DESIGNING A POWER SUPPLY IS THE DC VOLTAGE

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE AC RIPPLE SHOULD BE LOW

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

• THE OUTPUT FROM THE RECTIFIER SECTION

• THE FILTER CIRCUIT REDUCES THE PEAK-TO-

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

After the filter circuit a small

ripple voltage (rms) Vr(rms )

Nilanjan Byabarta, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata

Vdc = 0.318Vm Vdc = 0.636Vm

AC ripple output: AC ripple output: