ANIMAL

TISSUE
THE FOUR MAJOR ANIMAL
TISSUES
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- consists of a single layer
of cells covering the surface
of the body or several
layers lining body activities
and organs
-perform a variety of
functions, including
protection, absorption,
excretion and secretion
TWO LAYERS OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

oSimple – single layer

oStratified – 2 or more
layer
DIFFERENT KINDS OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- flat and thin cells with no
intercellular spaces
- simple squamous
epithelium allows
substances to either
easily diffuse through the cells
or to be filtered through them
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- consists of cylindrical cells
- It is found in the
lining of the stomach and
intestines, and
facilitates the
movement of
nutrients across the epithelial
barrier.
GRANDULAR EPITHELIUM
- consists of modified columnar
cells
- found in the sweat
glands and tear
glands to produce
secretions.
CILIATED EPITHELIUM
-They are most common in the
nasal and respiratory
passageways, and are one of
the main reasons mucus flows
and carries out dead cells.
They contain“cilia” that can
either help the cells move
along the tissue or can help
debris and waste move along
the surface of the cells
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- found in organs that are
specialized for
secretion, such as
salivary glands and
thyroid follicles, and those that
are specialized
for diffusion,
such as the kidney
tubules.
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
- has epithelial cells lined up one
over another.
It is found in the
epidermis of the
skin, the lining of
the mouth cavity,
and oesophagus.
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
- Cells are columnar but tall and
thin. All cells rest on the
basement membrane. The unique
appearance of pseudostratified
epithelia occurs because the tall,
thin cells intertwine.
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Its function is to bind other
tissues together; therefore, this
tissue must be strong.
COMMON TYPES OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
It holds organs in place and
attaches epithelial tissue to other
underlying tissues. It also surrounds
the blood vessels and nerves. Cells
called fibroblasts are widely dispersed
in this tissue; they are irregular
branching cells that secrete strong
fibrous proteins and proteoglycans as
an extracellular matrix.
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Areolar connective tissue
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- provides connection between different
tissues in the human body
- it forms strong, rope-like structures such
as tendons and ligaments. Tendons
attach skeletal muscles to bones;
ligaments connect bones to bones at
joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and
contain more elastic fibres than
tendons.
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FIBROUS TISSUES
- Holds muscle cells and surrounds
groups of cells that make up the
nerves
- Composed of parallel bundles of
collagen fibers, is found in the
dermis, tendons, and ligaments
FIBROUS TISSUES
CARTILAGE TISSUE
- It is found at joints surface and
rib ends. They are also present
in the tracheal rings.
- Cartilage cells secrete fibrous
materials that are strong but
flexible.
BONE TISSUE
- It functions in structural
support, protection,
and mineral (calcium) storage
- three types of cells: osteoblasts,
which deposit bone; osteocytes,
which maintain the bone;
and osteoclasts, which resorb
bone.
BONE TISSUE
- The functional unit of compact
bone is the osteon, which is
made up of concentric rings of
bone called lamellae
surrounding a central opening
called a Haversian canal,
through which nerves and blood
vessels travel.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
- a loose connective tissue that fills
up space between organs and
tissues and provides structural
and metabolic support
- Serves as the fat storage and
as supporting pads for other
tissues
VASCULAR TISSUE(BLOOD)
-Blood is composed of
erythrocytes (RBC), which
distribute oxygen throughout the
body; Leukocytes (WBC), which
mount immune responses; and
thrombocytes (platelets), which
are involved in blood clotting.
- Blood has a number of
functions, but primarily it
transports material through the
body to bring nutrients to cells
and remove waste material
from them.
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE
- They give shape and form to
the body. And also help the
bones move our body.
3 TYPES:
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
• STRIATED MUSCLE
• CARDIAC MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
- spindle shaped with only one
nucleus, contract involuntarily
to push food through the
digestive tract and blood
through blood vessels.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
STRIATED MUSCLE
- Skeletal muscle cells, long,
striated, multinucleate cells
under voluntary control, are
responsible for the movement
of skeletal muscles.
STRIATED MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE
- found only in the heart, are
striated and branching (with
one nucleus); they are joined
by intercalated discs which
allow the cells to synchronize
the beating of the heart.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE
- Conducts impulses to and from body
organs via neurons
*Two major cell types:
 Neurons - communicate with each
other via electrical and chemical signals
- structural unit of nervous tissue
 Glial cells - support the neurons
PARTS OF NEURONS
 Cell Body
- contains the nucleus
 Dendrites
- tree-like fashion and serve as
the main apparatus for receiving
signals from other nerve cells.
- pick up the electrical impulses
and pass them to the cell body.
 Axon
- elongated fiber that extends
from the cell body to the terminal
endings and transmits the neural
signal
-carries the impulse away from
the cell body.