Histology

ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED

• Tissues - collections of similar cells and Mesoderm

the substances surrounding them
o Middle layer
• Tissue classification based on structure of
o Forms tissues as such muscle,
cells, composition of noncellular
bone, blood vessels
extracellular matrix, and cell function
Ectoderm
TYPES OF TISSUES
o Outer layer
1. Epithelial tissue o Forms skin and neuroectoderm
o covers body surfaces and lines EPITHELIAL TISSUE
hollow organs, body cavities, and • Cellularity - Consists almost entirely of
ducts. It also forms glands.
2. Connective tissue cells
o protects and supports the body and
• Covers body surfaces, lines hollow
its organs.
organs, and forms glands
3. Muscular tissue
o Outside surface of the body
o generates the physical force o Lining of digestive, respiratory
needed to make body structures and urogenital systems
move and generates body heat. o Heart and blood vessels
4. Nervous tissue o Linings of many body cavities
o detects changes in a variety of
• Polarity - Has apical (top) , basal(down)
conditions inside and outside the
, and lateral (middle) surfaces
body and responds by generating
action potentials (nerve impulses) • Rests on a basement membrane
that activate muscular
contractions and glandular • Specialized cell contacts bind adjacent
secretions. cells together
HISTOLOGY • Avascular - no blood vessels
• Microscopic Study of Tissues
• Regenerative -Replaces lost cells by cell
Biopsy
division
o removal of tissues for diagnostic
purposes (alive) FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
• Protecting underlying structures; e.g.,
Autopsy epithelium lining the mouth
o examination of organs of a dead • Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
body todetermine cause of death
• Permitting the passage of substances;
e.g.,cells lining air sacs in lungs and
EMBRYONIC TISSUE nephrons in kidney
Endoderm • Secreting substances; e.g., pancreatic
o Inner layer cells
o Forms lining of digestive tract and • Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of
derivatives stomach and small intestine

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ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIUM Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Number of layers of cells
Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends
from basement membrane to the free
surface
Stratified- more than one layer.
Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be
stratified, but all cells contact basement o Function: Secretion and absorption
membrane so it is in fact simple o Location: Kidney

• Shape of cells Simple Columnar Epithelium

Squamous- flat, scale-like

Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
Columnar- taller than wide

EPITHELIUM TISSUES
o Function: Absorption ; secretion of mucus,
Simple Squamous Epithelium enzymes and other substances; ciliated type
propels mucus (or reproductive cell) by
ciliary secretion
o Location: Stomach to anal canal

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

Epithelium

o Function: Allows passage of materials by

diffusion and filtration in sites where
protection is not important: secretes
lubricating substance in serosae
o Location: Lungs

o Function: Secretion, particularly

mucus propulsion of mucus by ciliary
action
o Location: Trachea

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ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Function – Protects underlying tissues in
areas subject to abrasion
• Location
o Keratinized – forms
epidermis(skin)
o Non-keratinized – forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Transitional Epithelium
o Function: Stretches readily and
permits distension or urinary organ
by contained urine
o Location: Ureters, bladder and part
of urethra
EPITHELIUM: GLANDULAR
• A gland is one or more cells that
makes and secretes an aqueous
fluid
• Two types of glands formed by
infolding of epithelium:
o Endocrine: no contact with
exterior of body; ductless;
produce hormones
(pituitary, thyroid, adrenals,
pancreas)
o Exocrine: open to exterior of
body via ducts (sweat, oil)
• Exocrine glands classified either
by structure or by the method of
secretion
• Classified by structure
o Unicellular: goblet cells
o Multicellular: sweat, oil,
pituitary, adrenal
o
CHARACTERISTICS
-Mesenchyme as their common
tissue of origin (mesenchyme
derived from mesoderm)
– Varying degrees of vascularity
– Nonliving extracellular matrix,
consisting of ground substance and
fibers
– Cells are not as abundant nor as
tightly packed together as in
epithelium
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ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: EMBRYONIC ORIGIN • Macrophages. Derived from

monocytes (a WBC).Phagocytic;
provide protection
• Chondroblasts - form cartilage
• Osteoblasts - form bone
• Hematopoietic stem cells - form
blood cells
• Undifferentiated mesenchyme
(stem cells). Have potential to
differentiate into adult cell types.

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX - ECM

• ECM has 3 major components
1. Protein fibers
2. Ground substance
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE 3. Fluid
TISSUE
• Protein fibers
• Ground substance – unstructured material that Collagen fibers.
fills the space between cells
o Composed of the protein
• Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular collagen.Strong, flexible,
inelastic; great tensile
• Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts, strength (i.e.resist stretch).
osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells, Perfect for tendons,
ligaments
and others

Elastic fibers.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
• Fibroblasts - secrete the proteins needed for o Contain molecules of
fiber synthesis and components of the protein elastin that resemble coiled
extracellular matrix springs. Returns to its original
shape after stretching or
• Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes). Common in compression. Perfect for lungs,
some tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some large blood vessels
(cartilage)
Reticular fibers.
• Mast cells. Common beneath membranes;
along small blood vessels. Can release heparin, o Formed from fine collagenous
histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response fibers; form branching networks
to injury. (stroma). Fill spaces between
tissues and organs.
• Leukocytes (WBC’s). Respond to
injury or infection

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ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED

MUSCLE TISSUE
• Characteristics
GROUND SUBSTANCE
• Interstitial (tissue) fluid within which are o Cells are referred to as fibers
one or more of the molecules listed below: o Contracts or shortens with force
when stimulated
Hyaluronic acid:
o Moves entire body and pumps
o a polysaccharide. Very blood
slippery;serves as a good • Types
lubricant for joints. Common in
most connective tissues. o Skeletal: attached to bones
o Cardiac: muscle of the heart.
Proteoglycans:
o Smooth: muscle associated with
o protein and polysaccharide tubular structures and with the skin.
complex.Polysaccharides called Nonstriated and involuntary.
glyocosaminoglycans (chondroitin
sulfate, keratin sulfate). Protein
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
part attaches to hyaluronic acid.
Able to trap large amounts of
water.
Adhesive molecules:
o hold proteoglycan aggregates
together. Chondronectin in
cartilage, osteonectin in bone,
fibronectin in fibrous connective
tissue. Function: Voluntary movement,
locomotion, manipulation of the
• Functions as a molecular sieve through environment; facial expression; voluntary
which nutrients diffuse between blood control
capillaries and cells
Location : Bones or Skin

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Mesenchyme: source of all adult
connective tissue.
o Derived from mesoderm
o Delicate collagen fibers
embedded in semifluid
matrix
• Mucus: found only in the umbilical cord.
Wharton’s jelly.
Function : As it contracts; it propels blood
into the circulation; involuntary control
Location: Walls of the heart

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ANAPHY LEC/ PPT-BASED

Smooth Muscle Tissue o Atherosclerosis and reduced blood

supply to tissues
o Wrinkling of the skin
o Increased tendency for bones to
break
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the
elderly
• Injuries don’t heal as readily
Function: Propels substances or objects
along internal passageway, involuntary
control.
Location : Intestine

Nervous Tissue

Function: Transmit electrical signals from

sensory receptors and to effectors
(muscles and glands that control their
activity )
Location: Brain, Spinal cord, and nerves
TISSUES AND AGING
• Cells divide more slowly
• Collagen fibers become more irregular in
structure, though
they may increase in number
o Tendons and ligaments become
less flexible and more fragile
• Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium
ions, and become
less elastic
o Arterial walls and elastic ligaments
become less elastic
• Changes in collagen and elastin result in

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