Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-
inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Pharynx
(throat)
Pancreas
Small
Liver intestine
Gallbladder Large
intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
• Lysozyme:
salivary enzymes that are active against
bacteria
• Tongue:
house taste buds and mucus
• Hard palate:
anterior part
• Soft palate:
posterior part
• Rugae:
large folds that allow stomach to stretch
• Chyme:
paste-like substance that forms when food
begins to be broken down
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Pyloric opening:
opening between stomach and small
intestine
• Pyloric sphincter:
thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric
opening
• Hunger pangs:
stomach is stimulated to contract by low
blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours
after a meal
• Intestinal phase:
- 3rd phase
- acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes
and secretions of hormones that inhibit
gastric secretions by negative feedback
loops
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Movement in Stomach
• Mixing waves:
- weak contraction
- thoroughly mix food to form chyme
• Peristaltic waves:
- stronger contraction
- force chyme toward and through pyloric
sphincter
• Hormonal and neural mechanisms stimulate
stomach secretions
• Stomach empties every 4 hours after regular
meal, and 6-8 hours after high fatty meal
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Small Intestine
• Measures 6 meters in length
• Major absorptive organ
• Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through
• Contains enzymes to further breakdown
food
• Contains secretions for protection against
chyme’s acidity
• Rectum:
straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at
anal canal
• Portal triad:
contain hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein,
hepatic duct
• Hepatic cords:
- between center margins of each lobule
- separated by hepatic sinusoids
• Central vein:
- center of each lobule
- where mixed blood flows towards
- forms hepatic veins