Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Define the integumentary system and its structures; 19. Describe the nail structures and its nail growth
2. Describe the major functions of integumentary system; process;
3. Identify the major tissue layers of skin; 20. Recognize how the integumentary system can be
4. Describe the structure and function of epidermis; used as a diagnostic aid;
5. Describe the different epidermal strata; 21. Define the burn injury and its classification on the
6. Enumerate the common conditions associated with stratum basis of the amount of skin damage produced;
corneum; 22. Describe the two burn treatments;
7. Illustrate the process of keratinization; 23. Enumerate the different skin diseases and
8. Discuss the structure and function of dermis; disorders;
9. Describe the layers of dermis and dermal papillae; 24. Describe the skin cancer and its types; and,
10. List the factors that determine the skin color; 25. List the changes the integumentary system
11. Define the melanocytes and melanosomes; undergoes with age.
12. Describe melanin with its determinants and areas with more &
less melanin production;
13. Discuss the process on how melanin transfers to epithelial cells; Materials:
14. Describe the structure & function of subcutaneous tissue; Book, pen and notebook
15. Describe the structure and functions of a hair and its
components; Reference:
16. Identify the cycle of hair production;
17. List down important facts regarding the hair; VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s
18. Name the glands of the skin with its structure, types of essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.).
secretion, and function; New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
Let us have a review from the previous chapter before moving forward. Identify if the characteristic posted is under
MUCOUS, SEROUS, or SYNOVIAL. Write the answers in CAPITAL LETTERS. Superimpositions and erasures
are not tolerated. Do this without looking at your notes and check it right after. Enjoy!
1. Hold organs in place. SEROUS
2. Produce synovial fluid. SYNOVIAL
3. Line cavities in the interior of the body. SEROUS
4. For protection of oral cavity. MUCOUS
5. Contains goblet cells. MUCOUS
MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 5 of the book.
Integumentary System – consists of the skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, and glands); one of the
more familiar systems of the body because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed Integument –
this means covering.
3. Vitamin D Production
UV light causes skin to produce a precursor molecule of vitamin D (7-Dehydrocholesterol)
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Precursor is carried by blood to be modified in the liver (Vitamin D3)
▼
Carried by blood to the kidney for further modification
▼
Formation of active Vitamin D
4. Temperature Regulation
Body temperature normally is maintained at about 37°C (98.6°F). The rate of chemical reactions
(metabolism) is altered by the changes in temperature.
▪ Too heat body: Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin and heat is retained.
▪ To cool the body: Blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is transferred from deep in tissues to skin
and sweat is produced.
5. Excretion
Skin glands can remove large amounts of sweat, but only a small amount of waste products (urea, uric acid,
and ammonia). They do not play a significant role in the excretion of waste products.
Epidermis – the most superficial layer of the skin; made up of stratified squamous epithelium.
Function: prevents water loss and resists abrasions.
Keratinization – a process in which new cells (with keratin) is pushing old cells to the surface. It takes 40 to 56
days for the new cells to reach the surface.
New cells form and push older cells to the surface
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Cells slough, or flake off
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Epithelial cells eventually die
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Formation of outer layer of dead, rigid cells (resist abrasion and acts as permeability barrier)
Dermis – the 2nd major skin region; composed of dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts,
adipocytes, macrophages, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels.
Structure: made up of collagen and elastic fibers; collagen fibers are oriented in many different directions Function:
supplies nutrients & removes waste products to the overlying epidermis; helps regulate body temperature
Cleavage Lines / Tension Lines – these are areas where skin is most resistant to stretching; caused by
orientation of collagen fibers; vital in scarring.
Stretch Marks – visible lines through the epidermis that result from overstretched skin, for any reason,
damaging the dermis; usually common when a person increases in size quite rapidly.
Layers of Dermis:
1. Papillary Layer - thin connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels.
▪ Dermal Papillae
✔ projections that extend up into epidermis
✔ blood flow through these vessels supplies the overlying epidermis
✔ arranged in parallel, curving ridges that shape into fingerprints,
footprints, & palm lines; these ridges increase friction and improve the
grip of hands & feet
✔ the pattern is genetically determined
2. Reticular Layer - deepest layer of dermis; accounts for 80% of dermis.
Melanocytes – irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells of the
deep part of epidermis; responsible for production of melanin.
▪ Melanocytes of darker skinned people produce more and darker melanin than fairer skinned people.
▪ All races have the same number of melanocytes.
Melanosomes – these are melanin-containing vesicles which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.
Melanin Transfer to Epithelial Cells: (See Process figure 5.4, page 97)
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 5 of the book.
Accessory Skin Structures: these include the hair, glands, and nails.
Hair – is found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, the soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia, and the
distal segments of fingers and toes.
Hair Components:
▪ Hair Shaft – flexible strands of keratinized cells; protrudes above the surface of the skin.
▪ Hair Root – protrudes below the surface.
▪ Hair Bulb – base of hair root; where the hair is produced.
▪ Hair Follicle – an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis; a group of cells
that surround the root and bulb and responsible for giving different shapes to the hair.
▪ Hair Cortex – a hard covering of hair that is surrounded by the cuticle, a single layer of
overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.
▪ Hair Medulla – the softer center that is surrounded by the cortex.
▪ Hair Papilla – an extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb; the blood vessels
within supply the hair bulb with the nourishment needed to produce hair.
▪ Arrector Pili – made up of smooth muscle that surrounds each hair follicle; its contraction causes the hair
to become more perpendicular to the skin’s surface called “goose bumps”.
Glands: there are two major glands of the skin, the sebaceous and sweat glands.
1. Sebaceous Glands – are simple, branched acinar glands; most are connected by a duct to the hair follicle.
– secrete sebum, released by holocrine secretion, an oily substance rich in lipids that
lubricates hair and skin to prevent drying.
2. Sweat Glands have two types:
a. Eccrine Sweat Glands – release sweat by merocrine secretion that is made mostly of water
with a few salts; located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in palms and soles;
open into the sweat pores
b. Apocrine Sweat Glands – produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances by merocrine
secretion, though some glands demonstrate holocrine secretion; located only in armpits and
genitalia; open into the hair follicles and become active during puberty, causing body odor.
Nail – a thin plate with layers of dead stratum corneum cells with a very hard type of keratin. Nail
Structure:
▪ Nail Body – the visible part of the nail.
▪ Nail Root – the covered part by the skin.
▪ Cuticle / Eponychium – a stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.
▪ Nail Matrix – made up of epithelial cells with a stratum basale that gives rises to most of the nail;
continuation of nail roots and is thicker than nail bed.
▪ Nail Bed – located distally to the nail matrix & attaches to nail; made up of epithelial cells with a
stratum basale
▪ Lunula – a small part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a whitish,
crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.
Process of Nail Growth: Production of epithelial cells within the nail matrix causes the nail to grow. Unlike hair,
the nail grows continuously and does not have a resting stage.
Burn – is an injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. Classification of
Burns:
1. Partial-Thickness Burn – the part of the stratum basale remains viable, and regeneration of the
epidermis occurs from within the burn area, as well as from the edges of the burn.
a. First-Degree Burn
✔ this involves only the epidermis
✔ presence of redness, slight swelling, pain.
✔ heals within 2 to 3 days or about a week with no scarring.
✔ usually caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold
objects.
b. Second-Degree Burn
✔ damages both the epidermis and dermis.
✔ symptoms may include redness, pain, swelling, and blisters.
✔ if minimal dermal damage, heals about 2 weeks with no scarring.
✔ if burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears red, tan, or white and
heals for several months with some scarring.
2. Full-Thickness Burn / Third-Degree Burn
✔ the epidermis & dermis are completely destroyed.
✔ usually painless as the sensory receptors have been destroyed.
✔ the burned areas appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red
✔ recovery occurs from the edges of the burn wound.
skin graft may be necessary.
✔
Burn Treatments:
▪ Split Skin Graft – a burn treatment procedure in which the epidermis and part of the dermis are
removed from another part of the body and placed over the burn area.
▪ Debridement – a procedure that involves removal of dead tissue from the burn area that helps prevent
infections by cleaning the wound.
Skin Diseases and Disorders: (Refer to Table 5.1 of the book for the description, page 104.)
1. Ringworm 7. Rubella (German Measles)
2. Eczema & Dermatitis 8. Chicken Pox
3. Psoriasis 9. Shingles
4. Impetigo 10. Cold Sores (Fever Blisters)
5. Decubitus Ulcers 11. Genital Herpes
6. Rubeola (Measles) 12. Acne (refer to Clinical Impact, page 102)
Effects of Aging:
▪ Blood flow to the skin is reduced. Skin becomes thinner, and elasticity is lost. It begins to sag and wrinkle.
▪ Sweat and sebaceous glands are less active resulting in reduced ability for thermoregulation. The number
of melanocytes decreases, but some areas develop age spots.
▪ Gray or white hair is evident.
You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to
the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio
is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not. Defend your answer by rationalizing
why or how.
7. In keratinization, the cells become filled with the protein keratin, which make them more stretchable and
durable.
ANSWER: FALSE
RATIO: In Keratinization, keratinocytes will be thickened and develop many desmosomes and begin to harden. Within
a few days, they darken existing melanin and induce melanocytes to create additional pigment and transmit it to the
neighboring epidermal cells.
8. The new cells produced by mitosis occur in most superficial layers of epidermis.
ANSWER: TRUE
RATIO: New cells produced can only occur in the layers of epidermis because it contains only cells that can divide
Via the process of mitosis. It means that skin cells can germinate in this area. In this layer, the most numerous cells of the epidermis,
called keratinocytes arise.
9. The dead epithelial cells are formed in the outer layer of epidermis to act as a barrier.
ANSWER: TRUE
RATIO: The stratum lucidum are layers of dead cells that exocytosed lamellar bodies, which are rich in lipids, and
aid the skin’s barrier function.
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You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to
help you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
This strategy provides a structure for you to record your own comprehension and summarize your learning. Let us see
your progress in this chapter!
2. I learned how to describe the major functions of Integumentary System which includes the Protection, Sensation
Production, Temperature Regulation and Excretion.
3. I learned how to describe the structure and functions of dermis, epidermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
2. I want to learn more about the different diseases and disorders of the skin.