Essentials of

Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht

Chapter 27
The Control
Systems
Lecture Outline

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for all figures and tables pre-inserted into
PowerPoint without notes.

27-1
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Lab 19 The nervous System

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The Nervous System and Senses

27-3
 Vertebrate Brains

Focus on Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum,

and Brain stem 27-4
Functional Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
Primary sensory area—
receives information from
skin, skeletal muscles, and
joints
Primary motor area—sends
voluntary commands to
skeletal muscles
Lobes have a number of
specialized centers for sight,
hearing, and smell
Prefrontal area—
Function of lobes
association area where • Frontal lobe-reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions,
and problem solving

information from other areas • Parietal lobe-integration of sensory input from skin and skeletal
muscles, understating speech
• Occipital lobe-seeing, perception of visual stimuli
used to reason and plan our • Temporal lobe-hearing, perception of auditory stimuli

27-5
actions
 The Vertebrate Brain
Cerebrum
• Communicates with, and coordinates the
activities of, the other parts of the brain.
• Two halves, each half has a number of lobes
• Most of the cerebrum is white matter (long
axons of interneurons taking impulses to and
from cerebrum).
• Cerebral cortex—highly convoluted outer
layer of gray matter covering cerebrum
• Contains over a billion cell bodies
• Region that interprets and initiates sensation,
voluntary movement, and higher thought
processes 27-6
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Brain

27-7
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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
THE SHEEP BRAIN

27-8
THE SHEEP BRAIN

27-9
THE SHEEP BRAIN

27-10
 THE SHEEP BRAIN

Read about the function in the book page 184

27-11
Fill up table 13.1 page 170
THE SHEEP BRAIN

27-12
THE SHEEP BRAIN

27-13
The Spinal Cord

27-14
 The Spinal Cord Section

You will see a slide and read about the function in the book
Page 188
27-15
Spinal Cord

27-16
 The Somatic System
Peripheral nervous system divided into
somatic and autonomic systems
• Somatic system
• Includes nerves that take sensory information from
external sensory receptors to the CNS and motor
commands away from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Voluntary control of muscles always originates in the
brain.
• Reflexes (involuntary responses) can involve
either the brain or spinal cord.
• Flying objects cause our eyes to blink, or sharp pin pokes
cause the hand to jerk away without having to think about it. 27-17
A Reflex Arc Showing the Path of a Spinal Reflex

Experimental procedure Spinal Reflex-Page 173 27-18

 Anatomy of the Eye

1) Experimental Procedure: The Blind Spot of the Eye-Page 191

2) Experimental Procedure: Accomodation of the eye-Page 192

27-19
Anatomy of the Ear

27-20
 Anatomy of the Ear

P
Page 193-194
a
g
Experimental
e Procedure: Locating Sound
1
9
3

27-21
 Sensory Receptor In Human Skin

Page 194-195

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE SENSE OF TOUCH-Page 195

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE SENSE OF HEAT AND COLD-Page 195

27-22
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27-23
 END

Chapter 12 the muskulestal system

Quiz

27-24
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