CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS

2nd Semester: AY 2022 – 2023

Instructor: Dr. Martin Migrino, MSHS, PhD
Principles of the Dogma of the Cell (additional)

 Genetic information
 Energy (ATP) adenosine triphosphate
CELL
 Cells are similar and the same structure
Cell
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
- basic structure of life
I. Simple and Compound Microscope (Light
3 Principles in the Dogma of the Cell Microscope)

 The cell is the smallest living unit in all - allow us to visualize general features of cells
organisms.
II. Electronic Microscope
 All living things are made up of cells.
 All cells come from other pre-existing cells. - allow us to visualize the fine structure of cells.
Unicellular II. Scanning and Tunneling Microscope
- one cell - invented and credited in 1980’s
- disproved that the atom can be divided
Multicellular
- allows us to see features of the cell surface and
- multiple cells the surfaces of internal structures

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES III. Environmental Transmission Electronic

Microscope (ETEM)
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNA (no nucleus) DNA (nucleus) - Indian British professor
bacteria, archaea animals, plants, protists, - New kind of microscope
fungi - allows us to see “through” parts of the cell and
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm thus to discover other aspects of cell structure
Ribosomes Ribosomes
Cell membranes Cell membranes PARTS OF THE CELL
No nucleus Nucleus
No membrane-bound Membrane-bound
organelles organelles

Nucleus

- cell headquarters
- contains chromosomes

FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL

- Cells are the basic unit of life

- Cells provide protection and support
- Cells allow for movement
- Cells provide a means of communication PARTS FUNCTION
- Cells metabolize and release energy - covers the cell
Cell membrane - protective membrane of
- Cells provide for inheritance
the cell
- controls the RNA
Nucleus - where DNA replicated
- holds the genetic material
Organelles - little organ found in
 cytoplasm - diffusion, osmosis, filtration
- contain ER, mitochondria
Cytoplasm Diffusion
- jelly-like materials
- powerhouse of the cell - melting candy in the water
Mitochondria
- cellular respiration
Golgi apparatus - packaging center Osmosis
- fiber-like structure that
- using semi-permeable membrane
supports the cell and holds
Cytoskeleton
the nucleus and organelles Filtration
in place
ER - protein folding - using filter paper
Smooth ER - detoxification
Vacuole - storage of materials
Nucleolus - ribosomes can be produced
Special Structure of Cell
- hair-like structure that
surrounds the cell
Cilia
- respiratory tract contains
cilia
- the only cell that contains
Flagella
flagella is sperm cell

CELL CYCLE
Cell cycle

- includes the changes a cell undergoes from the

TRANSPORT MECHANISM OF THE CELL time it is formed until it divides to produce two
new cells
Active Transport
2 stages of Cell Cycle
- requires expenditure of energy provided by ATP
 interphase (90%)
Endocytosis  cell division stage (10%)
- the internalization of substances Interphase
- energy exposing push the membrane of the cell
- is the phase between cell divisions
Exocytosis - 90%
- cell carries out the metabolic activities necessary
- secretions accumulate within vesicles
for life and performs its specialized functions
- enter outside
such as secreting digestive enzymes
Passive Transport - growth
 - DNA replication Mitosis Stages of Division (P,M,A,T)
- Cell function
Prophase

- “pro” means before

- chromosomes condense
- nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase

- “M” means middle

- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

- “A” for away

- cell moves away

Telophase

- “T” for two

- chromosomes are at complete opposite ends

G1 phase Cytokinesis

- Check if the cell is growing - is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell to
produce two new cells
Synthesis

- Check if it replicates
DNA
Cell cycle
DNA
- Interphase – G1, S, G2
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Mitosis – P, M, A, T
- Molecule that carries the genetic information for
Cell Division the development and functioning of an organism
- a molecular blueprint in a living thing
- produces new cells necessary for growth and
tissue repair DNA contains:
- parent cell divides to form two daughter cells
 Sugar
Cell division involves two major events:  Phosphate
 Base (nitrogenous base)
 the division of the nucleus to form two new
nuclei Uses of Nitrogenous Bases
 the division of the cytoplasm to form two new
cells  complimentary pairs (A-T, G-C)
 building block of nucleic acid
MITOSIS (cell division)  color of the hair, traits
- is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei, Single ring (PyCUT)
each of which has the same amount and type of
DNA as the original nucleus - pyrimidine
- a type of cell division - cytosine
- for growth and repair - uracil
- thymine
Cancer
Double ring (PuGA)
- uncontrolled cell growth
 - purine
- guanine
- adenine

Nucleic acid

- important macromolecules
- polymers made up of building blocks molecules
called nucleotides
- most fundamental macromolecules in life

Amino acids

- tiny-little molecules
- make up proteins

DNA RNA

Location:
Location:
Nucleoli – nucleus
Nucleus
cytoplasm- ribosome
Appearance: Appearance:
double-helix (stepladder) Single helix
Sugar: Sugar:
deoxyribose ribose
- blueprint - copies or
duplicate the
DNA
- transfer DNA
- messenger
3 Types of RNA
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Function: Function:
hereditary characteristics making more proteins
(Proteins are responsible
in making DNA)
(DNA makes cells)