Chapter 07

Lecture Outline
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7-1
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7.1 Skeletal Anatomy Overview

• Provides framework
• Provides levers upon which muscles act to
move the body
• Protection of organs
• Mineral storage
• Hemopoiesis
• Energy storage
• Components
– Bones
– Cartilage
– Ligaments
– Tendons
7-2
 Skeletal System Overview
• Terms • Projections
– Body: main part – Process: prominent
– Head: enlarged end projection
– Neck: constriction
between head and body – Tubercle: small
– Margin or border: edge rounded bump
– Angle: bend – Tuberosity: knob
– Ramus: branch off body – Trochanter:
– Condyle: smooth tuberosities on
rounded articular surface proximal femur
– Facet: small flattened
articular surface
– Epicondyle: near or
above condyle

7-3
 Skeletal System Overview
• Ridges • Depressions
– Line or linea: low ridge – Fossa: general
– Crest or crista:
prominent ridge
term for a
– Spine: very high ridge depression
• Openings – Notch:
– Foramen: hole depression in
– Canal or meatus: bone margin
tunnel
– Fovea: little pit
– Fissure: cleft
– Sinus or labyrinth: – Groove or
cavity sulcus: deeper,
narrow depression

7-4
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TABLE 7.2 Anatomical Terms for Bone Features

Term Description
Body Main part
Head Enlarged, often rounded end
Neck Constriction between head and body
Margin, border Edge
Angle Bend
Ramus Branch off the body beyond the angle
Condyle Smooth, rounded articular surface
Facet Small, flattened aticular surface
Ridges
Line, linea Low ridge
Crest, crista Prominent ridge
Spine Very high ridge
Projections
Process Prominent projection
Tubercle Small, rounded bump
Tuberosity, tuber Knob; larger than a tubercle
Trochanter Tuberosity on the proximal femur
Epicondyle Upon a condyle
Lingula Flat, tongue-shaped process
Hamulus Hook-shaped process
Cornu Horn-shaped process
Openings
Foramen Hole
Canal, meatus Tunnel
Fissure Cleft
Sinus, labyrinth Cavity
Depressions
Fossa General term for a depression
Notch Depression in the margin of a bone
Fovea Little pit 7-5
Groove,ulcus Deep, narrow depression
The Complete Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton

Skull Skull

Mandible Mandible
Hyoid bone

Clavicle

Scapula

Sternum

Ribs Humerus Ribs

Vertebral
Vertebral
column
column
Ulna
Radius
Sacrum Sacrum

Carpal bones
Metacarpal
bones

Phalanges
Coxal Coccyx
bone
Femur

Patella

Tibia
Fibula

Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
7-6
Anterior view Posterior view
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TABLE 7.1 Number of Named Bones Listed by Category

Bones Number Bones Number

AxialSkeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Skull (Cranium) Pectoral Girdle
Braincase (neurocranium) Scapula 2
Paired (left and right) Parietal 2 Clavicle 2
Temporal 2 Upper Limb
Unpaired (single) Frontal 1 Humerus 2
Sphenoid 1 Ulna 2
Occipital 1 Radius 2
Ethmoid 1 Carpal bones 16
Face (viscerocranium) Metacarpal bones 10
Paired Maxilla 2 Phalanges 28
Zygomatic 2 Total girdle and upper limb bones 64
Palatine 2 Pelvic Girdle
Lacrimal 2 Coxal bone 2
Nasal 2 Lower Limb
Inferior nasal concha 2 Femur 2
Unpaired Mandible 1 Tibia 2
Vomer 1 Fibula 2
Total skull bones 22 Patella 2
Bones Associated with the Skull Tarsal bones 14
Auditory ossicles Metatarsal bones 10
Malleus 2 Phalanges 28
Incus 2 Total girdle and lower limb bones 62
Stapes 2 Total appendicular skeleton bones 126
Hyoid 1
Total associated bones 7 Total axial skeleton bones 80
Total appendicular skeleton bones 126
Vertebral Column
Total bones 206
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacrum 1
Coccyx 1
Total vertebral column bones 26
Rib Cage (Thoracic Cage)
Ribs 24
Sternum 1
Total rib cage bones 25 7-7
Total axial skeleton bones 80
 7.2 Axial Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
– Skull
– Hyoid bone
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic (rib) cage

7-8
 Superior View of the Skull
• Functions
– Protects brain
– Supports organs
Frontal bone

of special senses
Coronal suture
Parietal bones – Provides
Inferior temporal line
foundation for
Superior temporal line
structures that
take air, food, and
water into body
Sagittal suture

Parietal eminence

• Superior view of
Zygomatic arch
Occipital bone
skull
Superior view
– Parietal bones
– Frontal bone
– Sagittal suture 7-9
– Coronal suture
 Processes and Other Features of the Skull

Bone on Which
Feature Description
Feature Is Found

External Features
Alveolar process Mandible, maxilla Ridges on the mandible and maxilla containing the teeth (shown in figure 7.6)
Angle Mandible Posterior, inferior corner of the mandible (shown in figure 7.4)

Coronoid process Mandible Attachment point for the temporalis muscle (shown in figure 7.4)

Mental protuberance Mandible Chin (resembles a bent knee; shown in figures 7.4 and 7.6)

Horizontal plate Palatine Posterior third of the hard palate (shown in figure 7.9)

Mandibular condyle Mandible Region where the mandible articulates with the skull (shown in figure 7.4)

Mandibular fossa Temporal Depression where the mandible articulates with the skull (shown in figure 7.12)

Mastoid process Temporal Enlargement posterior to the ear; attachment site for several muscles that move the head
(shown in figures 7.3, 7.4, and 7.12)

Nuchal lines Occipital Attachment points for several posterior neck muscles (shown in figures 7.3 and 7.12)
Occipital condyle Occipital Point of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column (shown in figures 7.3 and 7.12)

Palatine process Maxilla Anterior two-thirds of the hard palate (shown in figures 7.9 and 7.12)
Pterygoid hamulus Sphenoid Hooked process on the inferior end of the medial pterygoid plate, around which the tendon of one
palatine muscle passes; an important dental landmark (shown in table 7.7d)
Pterygoid plates
(medial and lateral) Sphenoid Bony plates on the inferior aspect of the sphenoid bone; the lateral pterygoid plate is the site of
attachment for two muscles of mastication (chewing; shown in figures 7.9 and 7.12)

Ramus Mandible Portion of the mandible superior to the angle (shown in figure 7.4)

Styloid process Temporal Attachment site for three muscles (to the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone)
and some liga-ments (shown in figure 7.4)
Temporal lines Parietal Attachment site for the temporalis muscle, which closes the jaw (shown in figure 7.4)

Internal Features
Crista galli Ethmoid Process in the anterior part of the braincase to which one of the connective tissue
coverings of the brain (dura mater) connects (shown in figures 7.9 and 7.11)

Petrous portion Temporal Thick, interior part of temporal bone containing the middle and inner ears and the auditory
ossicles (shown in figure 7.11)
Sella turcica Sphenoid Bony structure, resembling a saddle, in which the pituitary gland is located (shown in figure 7.11)

7-10
 Posterior View of Skull
• Parietal and occipital
bones are major
structures
• Lambdoid suture:
Sagittal suture

Parietal bones between parietals and

occipital
• Sutural bones may be
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
present: variable
External occipital
protuberance • External occipital
protuberance
Temporal bone Superior

Occipitomastoid
nuchal line – Ligamentum nuchae:
suture
Mastoid process
Inferior
nuchal line Helps keep head erect
Occipital condyle • Nuchal lines: Neck
Zygomatic arch
muscle attachment
points

Posterior view

7-11
 Lateral View of Skull
• Parietal bones and squamous part of
temporal bone form most of side of skull
• Squamous suture: joins the parietal
and temporal bone Coronal suture

• Features of the temporal bone

Frontal bone
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line

– External auditory meatus

Parietal bone

Supraorbital foramen
Squamous suture

– Mastoid process
Supraorbital margin
Temporal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Nasal bone

– Temporal lines Occipital bone

Lambdoid suture
Lacrimal bone
Nasolacrimal canal

– Zygomatic process of the

Infraorbital foramen

Mandibular condyle Zygomatic bone

zygomatic arch
External auditory canal
Coronoid process
Occipitomastoid suture of mandible
Maxilla
Mastoid process

• Greater wing of the sphenoid bone Styloid process Alveolar processes

anterior to the temporal bone

Zygomatic process
Zygomatic arch of temporal bone
Temporal process

• Zygomatic bones with its temporal

of zygomatic bone
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus Mandible

process of the zygomatic arch

Angle of mandible Mental protuberance

Body of mandible

• Maxilla Lateral view

• Mandible. Articulates with the temporal

bone. Body, ramus, condyle, genu, and
coronoid process

7-12
Landmarks on the Face
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Frontal bone

Supraorbital margin

Zygomatic arch

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mastoid process

Mental protuberance
Mandible
Angle of mandible

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer

7-13
 Anterior View of Skull

Frontal bone
• Major structures are
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
frontal bone,
zygomatic bones,
Supraorbital foramen
Glabella
Optic canal

maxillae, and mandible

Supraorbital margin Orbital plate of frontal bone

Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

Temporal bone

• Maxilla and mandible

Superior orbital fissure
Nasal bone

Lacrimal bone
Infraorbital margin

bear teeth
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen

Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha

Nasal of ethmoid bone

• Orbits. Cone-shaped
septum Inferior nasal concha
Vomer

Nasal cavity Anterior nasal spine

Maxilla Oblique line of mandible

fossae with their
apices oriented
Mandible
Alveolar processes
Mandibular symphysis

Body of mandible

posteriorly
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance

– Nasolacrimal canal
Anterior view

– Optic foramen
7-14
 Landmarks on the Face
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Glabella Frontal bone

Supraorbital
margin
Zygomatic
bone

Maxilla Mandible
Mental protuberance

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7-15
 The Orbit
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Supraorbital foramen

Frontal bone

Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Posterior and anterior
ethmoidal foramina
Sphenoid Lesser wing Ethmoid bone
bone Greater wing
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone Opening to
nasolacrimal canal
Zygomatic
bone Maxilla

Inferior orbital fissure

Infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital groove

Anterior view Bones Forming the Orbit (see

figures 7.6 and 7.8)

Bone Part of Orbit

Frontal Roof
Sphenoid Roof and posterolateral wall
Zygomatic Lateral wall

Maxilla Floor
Lacrimal Medial wall
Ethmoid Medial wall 7-16
Palatine Medial wall
 Bones of Nasal Cavity
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• Nasal cavity. Pear-shaped,

Frontal bone
Crista galli
open anteriorly
Frontal sinus Cribriform plate • Nasal septum divides
nasal cavity into right and
Olfactory foramina
Nasal bone
Sphenoidal sinus

Nasal
septum
Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
left halves
Sphenoid bone
Vomer
– Bony part is vomer and
perpendicular plate of
Greater alar cartilage
Horizontal plate
Anterior

the ethmoid
of palatine bone
nasal spine Hard palate
Palatine process
of maxilla

Central incisor Incisive canal

– Hyaline cartilage anterior
Medial view
part
Frontal bone • Nasal conchae: form
Frontal sinus
Lacrimal bone
Olfactory recess
lateral walls
– Inferior: separate bones
Superior nasal concha Part of
Middle nasal concha ethmoid bone
Nasal bone

Sphenoidal sinus – Middle and superior:

Maxilla bone
Lateral nasal cartilage
Sphenoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
projections of the ethmoid
Greater alar cartilage Vertical plate
Palatine bone
– Increase surface of nasal
– cavity
Horizontal plate

Medial pterygoid plate

Palatine process of maxilla

Lateral incisor

7-17
Medial view
 Bones Forming the Nasal Cavity
(see figures 7.6 and 7.9)

Bone Part of Nasal Cavity

Frontal Roof

Nasal Roof

Sphenoid Roof

Ethmoid Roof, septum, lateral wall

Inferior nasal concha Lateral wall

Lacrimal Lateral wall

Maxilla Floor

Palatine Floor and lateral wall

Vomer Septum

7-18
 Paranasal Sinuses
• Associated with the bones of the nasal cavity
• Functions
– Decrease skull weight
– Resonating chambers
• Named for bones in which they are found
– Frontal
– Maxillary Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

– Ethmoidal
– Sphenoidal
Frontal sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Ethmoidal labyrinth
(sinuses)
Maxillary sinus

(b)

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal labyrinth
(sinuses)

Sphenoidal sinus

(c) Maxillary sinus (d)

(a)

c-d: © Jupiter Media/Alamy

7-19
 Interior of the Cranial Cavity
• Cranial cavity: occupied by the brain
• Floor divided into anterior, middle, and posterior
fossae
• Crista galli: prominent ridge in center of anterior
fossa. Point of attachment for the dura mater (one
of the meninges)
• Olfactory fossae lateral to crista galli. Olfactory
bulb within
– Cribriform plate of the ethmoid forms floor of olfactory
fossae
– Olfactory nerves pass through the foramina of the cribriform
plate
• Sella turcica: part of sphenoid bone that houses the
pituitary gland
• Foramen magnum: opening where brain attaches
to spinal cord
7-20
 Interior of the Cranial Cavity
Frontal sinuses

Frontal bone

Anterior cranial fossa

Crista galli
Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate
Sphenoid bone

Foramen rotundum Optic foramen

Sella turcica
Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Middle cranial fossa

Carotid canal
Internal auditory canal

Foramen magnum Temporal bone

Parietal bone Jugular foramen
Posterior cranial fossa Hypoglossal canal

Occipital bone

Superior view 7-21

 Inferior View of Skull
• Foramina
– Foramen magnum: spinal cord exits and vertebral
arteries enter
– Carotid canals: internal carotid arteries
– Foramen lacerum: internal carotid
– Jugular foramen: internal jugular veins
• Specialized surfaces
– Occipital condyles: articulation between skull and vertebral
column
– Styloid processes: attachment site for muscles that move the
tongue
– Mandibular fossa: site of articulation with mandibular condyles
– Medial and later pterygoid plates: parts of sphenoid bone
that surround posterior opening of nasal cavities
– Vomer: posterior portion of nasal septum
– Hard palate: floor of the nasal cavity. With the soft palate,
separates nasal from oral cavities
7-22
 Inferior View of Skull
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Posterior palatine foramen

Incisive fossa
Anterior palatine foramen
Maxilla
Medial pterygoid
Sphenoid plate Palatine process
Lateral pterygoid of maxillary bone Hard
bone
plate Horizontal plate palate
Greater wing of palatine bone
Zygomatic bone

Inferior orbital fissure

Vomer

Sphenoid bone Styloid process

Foramen ovale Mandibular fossa

Foramen spinosum

External auditory canal Carotid canal

Jugular foramen Mastoid process

Occipital condyle Temporal bone

Occipital bone
Foramen magnum

Inferior nuchal line

External occipital protuberance

Inferior view 7-23

 Skull Foramina, Fissures, and Canals (see figures 7.11 and 7.12)
Opening
Carotid canal
Ethmoidal foramina,
anterior and posterior
External auditory canal
Foramen lacerum
Foramen magnum
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Hypoglossal canal
Incisive foramen (canal)
Inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital foramen
Internal auditory canal
Jugular foramen
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Nasolacrimal canal
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
Palatine foramina, anterior and
posterior
Pterygoid canal
Sphenopalatine foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Superior orbital fissures
Supraorbital foramen or notch
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Zygomaticotemporal foramen
Bone Containing the Opening Structures Passing Through Openings
Temporal Carotid artery and carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
Between frontal and ethmoid Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
Temporal Sound waves en route to the eardrum
Between temporal, occipital, and The foramen is filled with cartilage during life; the carotid canal and pterygoid
sphenoid canal cross its superior part but do not actually pass through it
Occipital Spinal cord, accessory nerves, and vertebral arteries
Sphenoid Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Sphenoid Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Sphenoid Middle meningeal artery
Occipital Hypoglossal nerve
Between maxillae Incisive nerve
Between sphenoid and maxilla Infraorbital nerve and blood vessels and zygomatic nerve
Maxilla Infraorbital nerve
Temporal Facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
Between temporal and occipital Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and accessory nerve
Mandible Inferior alveolar nerve to the mandibular teeth
Mandible Mental nerve
Between lacrimal and maxilla Nasolacrimal (tear) duct
Ethmoid Olfactory nerves
Sphenoid Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
Palatine Palatine nerves
Sphenoid Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the face
Between palatine and sphenoid Nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine blood vessels
Temporal Facial nerve
Sphenoid Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve,
abducens nerve, and ophthalmic veins
Frontal Supraorbital nerve and vessels
Zygomatic Zygomaticofacial nerve
7-24
Zygomatic Zygomaticotemporal nerve
 Bones of the Skull
• Twenty-two bones plus six auditory
ossicles that function in hearing
• Of the twenty-two, two portions-
– Braincase (Neurocranium)
• Surrounds and protects brain
• Parietals, temporals, frontal, occipital, sphenoid,
ethmoid
– Facial bones (Viscerocranium)
• Protect major sensory organs- eyes, nose, and
tongue
• Provide attachment sites for muscles of
mastication, facial expression, and eye movement
• Maxilla and mandible have alveolar processes
and sockets for tooth attachment
• Maxillae, zygomatics, palatines, lacrimals, nasals,
inferior nasal conchae, mandible, vomer. Note:
frontal and ethmoid contribute to the face and
mandible is not part of the skull 7-25
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones

(a) Parietal Bone (Right)—Lateral
View
Landmark Description
Parietal eminence The widest part of the
head is from one parietal
eminence to the other.
Superior and inferior Attachment point for
temporallines temporalis muscle
Special Feature
Forms lateral wall of skull

Parietal
eminence

Superior
Temporal line
Inferior temporal
line

7-26
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones

(b) Temporal Bone (Right)—Lateral and Medial Views

Landmark Description
Carotid canal (shownin Canal through which the internal carotid
figures 7.11 and 7.12 ) artery enters the cranial cavity

External auditory canal External canal of the ear; carries sound to

the ear

Internal auditory canal Opening through which the facial (cranial

(shown in figure 7.11 ) nerve VII) and vestibulocochlear (cranial
nerve VIII) nerves enter the petrous portion
Squamous of the temporal bone
portion
Zygomatic Forms one side of jugular Foramen through which the internal jugular
process for a men (shown in figures vein exits the cranial cavity
7.11 and 7.12 )
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid Mandibular fossa Articulation point between the mandible
External auditory
process and skull
canal
Styloid process Mastoid process Attachment point for muscles moving the
head and for a hyoid muscle
Lateral view Middle cranial fossa Depression in the floor of the cranial cavity
(shown in figure 7.11) formed by the temporall obesof the brain

Petrous portion Thick portion of the temporal bone

(shown in figure 7.11)
Squamous portion Flat, lateral portion of the temporal bone
(shown in figure 7.11 )

Styloid process Attachment for muscles of the tongue,

throat, and hyoid bone
Squamous
portion Stylomastoid foramen Foramen through which the facial nerve
(shown infigure 7.12 ) (cranial nerve VII ) exits the skull
Zygomatic process
Petrous portion Helps form the bony bridge extending from
the cheek to just anterior to the ear;
attachment for a muscle that moves the
Internal auditory
mandible
Mastoid canal
process Special Features
Styloid process Contains the middle and inner ear and the mastoid air cells
Place where the mandible articulates with the rest of the skull
Medial view

7-27
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(c) Frontal Bone—Anterior View

Landmark Description

Glabella Area between the supraorbital margins

Nasal spine Superior part of the nasal bridge

Orbital plate Roof of the orbit

Supraorbital foramenar Opening through which nerves and
vessels exit the skull to the skin of the
forehead

Supraorbital margin Ridge forming the anterior superior border

of the orbit

Zygomatic process Connects to the zygomatic bone; helps

form the lateral margin of the orbit

Special Features
Forms the forehead and roof of the orbit
Contains the frontal sinus
Glabella
Supraorbital Supraorbital
foramen margin

Orbital plate Zygomatic

process
Nasal spine

7-28
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(d) Sphenoid Bone—Superior and Posterior Views

Landmark Description
Body Thickest part of the bone; articulates
with the occipital bone
Foramen ovale Opening through which a branch of the
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) exits
the cranial cavity
Foramen rotundum Opening through which a branch of the
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) exits
Optic canal the cranial cavity
Foramen spinosum Opening through which a major artery to
Lesser Superior the meninges (membranes around the
wing orbital brain) enters the cranial cavity
fissure
Greater Greater wing Forms the fl oor of the middle cranial
wing Sella fossa; several foramina pass through
turcica this wing
Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid Attachment point for muscles of
Foramen ovale Groove of plate mastication (chewing)
Foramen spinosum carotid Lesser wing Superior border of the superior orbital
Superior view canal fissure
Medial pterygoid platePosterolateral walls of the nasal cavity

Optic canal Opening through which the optic nerve

(cranial nerve II) passes from the orbit to
the cranial cavity
Lesser Superior
wing Pterygoid canal Opening through which nerves and
orbital
vessels exit the cranial cavity
Greater fissure
wing Body Pterygoid hamulus Process around which the tendon
passes from a muscle to the soft palate
Sella turcica Fossa containing the pituitary gland
Foramen rotundum Superior orbital Opening through which nerves and
Pterygoid canal Lateral
fissure vessels enter the orbit from the cranial
pterygoid cavity
plate
Pterygoid hamulus Medial Special Feature
pterygoid Contains the sphenoidal sinus
Posterior view plate 7-29
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(e) Occipital Bone—Inferior View
Landmark Description
Condyle Articulation point between the skull
and first vertebra
External occipital Attachment point for a strong ligament
protuberance (nuchal ligament) in the back of the
neck
Foramen magnum Opening around the point where the
brain and spinal cord connect
Anterior
Hypoglossal canal Opening through which the
(shown in figure 7.11) hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)
passes
Inferior nuchal line
Attachment point for neck muscles
Condyle Posterior cranial fossa
Depression in the posterior of the
(shown in figure 7.11)
cranial cavity formed by the
Foramen magnum cerebellum
Superior nuchal line
Attachment point for neck muscles
Special Feature
Inferior Forms the base of the skull
nuchalline

Superior
nuchalline

External occipital
protuberance
Posterior

7-30
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TABLE 7.7Skull Bones—Continued

(f) Zygomatic Bone (Right)—Lateral View
Landmark Description
Frontal process Connection to the frontal bone;
helps form the lateral margin of
the orbit

Infraorbital margin Ridge forming the inferior border

of the orbit
Temporal process Helps form the bony bridge from
the cheek to just anterior to the
Frontal ear
process
Zygomaticofacial Opening through which a
foramen nerve and vessels exit the orbit
to the face

Zygomaticofacial Special Features

foramen
Temporal Forms the prominence of the cheek
process
Infraorbital Forms the anterolateral wall of the orbit
margin

Maxillary
process

7-31
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TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(g) Ethmoid Bone—Superior, Lateral, and Anterior Views

Landmark Description
Cribriform plate Contains numerous olfactory foramina
through which branches of the olfactory
nerve (cranial nerve I) enter the cranial
cavity from the nasal cavity

Anterior Crista galli Attachment for meninges

Perpendicular (membranes around brain)
plate
Ethmoidal foramina Openings through which nerves and
(shown in figure 7.8) vessels pass from the orbit to the nasal
Ethmoidal labyrinth
Crista galli (sinuses)
cavity
Middle nasal concha Ridge extending into the nasal cavity;
Cribriform increases surface area, helps warm and
plate moisten air in the cavity
Orbital plate Orbital plate Forms the medial wall of the orbit

Perpendicular plate Forms the superior portion of the nasal

septum
Posterior
Superior nasal concha Ridge extending into the nasal cavity;
Superior view increases surface area, helps warm and
moisten air in the cavity
Crista galli

Ethmoidal labyrinth
(sinuses)
Orbital
plate

Posterior Anterior

Middle nasal Perpendicular Special Features

concha plate Forms part of the nasal septum and part of the lateral walls and roof
Lateral view of the nasal cavity

Contains the ethmoidal labyrinth, or ethmoidal sinuses; the labyrinth

Crista galli is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoidal cells

Orbital plate
Ethmoidal labyrinth Superior
(sinuses) nasal concha
Middle
Perpendicular nasal concha
plate

Anterior view
7-32
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(h) Maxilla (Right)—Medial and Lateral Views
Landmark
Alveolar process
Anterior nasal spine
Frontal process
Description
Ridge containing the teeth
Forms part of the nasal septum
Forms the sides of the nasal bridge

Frontal process
Incisive canal Opening through which a nerve exits the
nasal cavity to the roof of the oral cavity
Infraorbital foramen Opening through which a nerve and
Maxillary sinus vessels exit the orbit to the face
Orbital surface Forms the floor of the orbit
Palatine process Forms the anterior two-thirds of the hard
Palatine process
palate
Incisive canal Maxillary Tuberosity Lump posterior to the last maxillary molar
Alveolar process
tooth
Molars Zygomatic process Connection to the zygomatic bone; helps
Premolars
Canine form the interior margin of the orbit
Incisors
Medial view

Special Features
Frontal Contains the maxillary sinus and maxillary teeth
Notch for
process
Forms part of nasolacrimal canal
lacrimal bone

Orbital
surface Infraorbital
foramen
Zygomatic Anterior
process nasal spine
Tuberosity
Alveolar
process

Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars 7-33
Lateral view
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(i) Palatine Bone (Right)—Medial and Anterior Views
Landmark Description
Horizontal plate Forms the posterior one-third
of the hard palate
Vertical plate Forms part of the lateral
nasal wall
Special Feature
Helps form part of the hard palate and a small part of
the wall of the orbit

Vertical plate
Vertical plate

Horizontal plate Horizontal plate

Medial view Anterior view

7-34
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(j) Lacrimal Bone (Right)—Anterolateral View
Special Features
Forms a small portion of the orbital wall
Forms part of the nasolacrimal canal

Lacrimal bone
Nasolacrimal canal

7-35
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(k) Nasal Bone (Right)—Anterolateral View
Special Feature
Forms the bridge of the nose

Nasal bone

7-36
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7 Skull Bones—Continued

(l) Mandible (Right Half)—Medial and Lateral Views

Landmark Description
Alveolar process Ridge containing the teeth
Angle Corner between the body and ramus

Body Major, horizontal portion of the bone

Coronoid
process
Condylar process Extension containing the mandibular
Mandibular
condyle
notch
Molars Coronoid process Attachment for a muscle of mastication
Mandibular
Premolars condyle (head)
Canine Condylar Mandibular condyle Helps form the temporomandibular
Incisors process joint (the point of articulation between
Ramus the mandible and the rest of the skull)
Mandibular
foramen Mandibular foramen Opening through which nerves and
Lingula vessels to the mandibular teeth enter
Alveolar the bone
process Mandibular notch Depression between the condylar
Mylohyoid line
process and the coronoid process
Angle Mental foramen Opening through which a nerve and
Body vessels exit the mandible to the skin of
Medial view the chin
Mylohyoid line Attachment point of the mylohyoid
muscle
Mandibular
notch
Coronoid Oblique line Ridge from the anterior edge of the
process ramus onto the body of the mandible
Mandibular
Molars
condyle
Condylar
Premolars Ramus Major, nearly vertical portion of the
process Canine bone
Incisors Special Features
Oblique line The only bone in the skull that is freely movable
relative to the rest of the skull bones
Ramus
Alveolar Holds the lower teeth
process
Body
Mental
Angle foramen

Lateral view
7-37
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.7Skull Bones—Continued

(m) Vomer—Anterior and Lateral Views
Landmark Description
Alae Attachment points
between the vomer and
sphenoid
Vertical plate Forms part of the nasal
septum
Alae
Special Feature
Alae Forms most of the posterior and inferior portions of
the nasal septum
Vertical
Vertical plate
plate

Anterior view Lateral view

7-38
 Hyoid Bone
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.8 Hyoid Bone—Anterior and Lateral Views

Landmark Description
Body Major portion of the bone
Greater cornu Attachment point for muscles and ligaments
Lesser cornu Attachment point for muscles and ligaments

Special Features
One of the few bones of the body that does not articulate with
Greater another bone
cornu Attached to the skull by muscles and ligaments

Lesser
cornu
Body

Anterior view

Lesser
cornu
Greater
cornu

Body

Lateral view

7-39
 Vertebral Column
• Functions • Twenty-six bones in adult;
– Supports weight of 33-34 in embryo
head and trunk – 5 fuse to form sacrum
– Protects the spinal – 4 or 5 coccygeal fuse to
cord form the coccyx
– Allows spinal nerves • Regions
to exit the spinal cord – Cervical (7 vertebrae)
– Provides site for – Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
muscle attachment – Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
– Permits movement of – Sacral bone (1)
head and trunk
– Coccygeal bone (1)

7-40
 Vertebral Column
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

First cervical vertebra

(atlas)
Second cervical vertebra

• Four major curvatures in

Cervical (axis)
region
(convex

adults
anteriorly)

Seventh cervical vertebra

First thoracic vertebra

– Cervical: anterior
– Thoracic: posterior
Thoracic
– Lumbar: anterior
– Sacral and coccygeal:
region
(concave
anteriorly)

Intervertebral foramina posterior

Body
• At birth, column is C shaped
Intervertebral disk
– When head is raised, cervical
Twelfth thoracic vertebra curve appears
First lumbar vertebra – When sitting and walking begin,
lumbar curve develops
Lumbar
region
(convex
anteriorly)
Transverse process • Abnormal curvatures
Spinous process
– Lordosis. Exaggeration of
Fifth lumbar vertebra lumbar
– Kyphosis. Exaggeration of
Sacral promontory

thoracic
– Scoliosis. Lateral, often
Sacral and Sacrum
coccygeal

accompanied by kyphosis
regions
(concave
anteriorly)

Coccyx 7-41
Lateral view
 General Features of a Vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.9 General Structure of a Vertebra

Feature Description

Body Disk-shaped; usually the largest part with flat surfaces directed superiorly and inferiorly; forms the anterior
wall of the vertebral foramen; intervertebral disks are located between the bodies

Vertebral foramen Hole in each vertebra through which the spinal cord passes; adjacent vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal

Vertebral arch Forms the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral foramen; possesses several processes and articular surfaces

Pedicle Foot of the arch with one on each side; forms the lateral walls of the vertebral foramen

Lamina Posterior part of the arch; forms the posterior wall of the vertebral foramen

Transverse process Process projecting laterally from the junction of the lamina and pedicle; a site of muscle attachment

Spinous process Process projecting posteriorly at the point where the two laminae join; a site of muscle attachment; strengthens
the vertebral column and allows for movement

Articular processes Superior and inferior projections containing articular facets where vertebrae articulate with each other; strengthen
the vertebral column and allow for movement

Intervertebral notches Form intervertebral foramina between two adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal

7-42
General Features of a Vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.9 General Structure of a Vertebra

Body
(cut)
Spinous
Transverse process
Part of
process
vertebral
Lamina canal

Superior Vertebral Intervertebral

articular arch disk
facet
Superior Pedicle
articular
process

Vertebral Vertebral Spinous

foramen foramina process
Body (cut)
Lateral view,
(a) Superior view (b) Sagittal section

Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior

Superior articular process

Transverse process Inferior intervertebral

notch of superior
Pedicle
vertebra Intervertebral
Inferior articular
Space for Superior intervertebral foramen
process of
intervertebral notch of inferior
superior vertebra
disk vertebra
Superior articular
process of inferior
vertebra

Spinous processes
Body

(c) (d)
7-43
 Intervertebral Disks
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Located between adjacent

vertebrae
• Functions
Vertebral body
Annulus – Provide support
Intervertebral fibrosus
disk Nucleus – Prevent vertebrae rubbing
against each other
pulposus
Intervertebral

• Consist of
foramen

(a) Lateral view – Annulus fibrosus:

external
– Nucleus pulposus:
Annulus
internal and gelatinous
• Becomes compressed with
fibrosus

Nucleus age and height decreases

pulposus
• With age, more susceptible
to herniation

(b) Superior view

7-44
 Herniated or Ruptured Disk
Part of the fibrosus has been removed to expose the pulposus.
Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or
complete release of the nucleus pulposus. May push against spinal
nerves impairing function and causing pain.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spinous process

Transverse process
Compressed
Spinal cord spinal nerve root in
in vertebral intervertebral foramen
canal
Herniated
portion of disk

Nucleus pulposus Intervertebral

Annulus fibrosus disk

Superior view 7-45

 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TABLE 7.10 Comparison of Vertebral Regions

Feature Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Superior articular Superior articular facet Superior
process Facets for rib articular
articulation Transverse
Transverse process
process
process Transverse
Body Body Body process
Spinous
Transverse Inferior Spinous process
foramen articular process Spinous Inferior
facet process articular
facet

Body Absent in C1, small in others Medium-sized with articular facets for ribs Large

Transverse process Transverse foramen Articular facets for ribs, except T11 and T12 Square

Spinous process Absent in C1, bifid in others, except C7 Long, angled inferiorly Square

Articular facets Face superior/inferior Face obliquely Face medial/lateral

7-46
 Cervical Vertebrae
• Superior seven vertebrae
• Have very small bodies, tend to have bifid spinous
processes, and have transverse foramina
• Atlas: first cervical vertebra
– Articulates with skull and allows “yes” movement
– No body and no spinous process
• Axis: second cervical vertebra
– Dens or odontoid process extends superiorly into the
vertebral foramen of the atlas
– Allows rotation of the atlas on the axis, the “no” movement
• Vertebral prominence: most prominent spinous process in
area. Usually 7th cervical
• Superior articular facets face superiorly; inferior facets face
inferiorly

7-47
 Cervical
Transverse Posterior arch
process
Vertebral
foramen
Superior articular
facet (articulates

Vertebrae
with
occipital condyle)
Facet for dens
Transverse
Anterior arch
foramen
Superior view

Superior articular facet

Dens Spinous process
Posterior arch
Superior
articular
Anterior arch facet
Body Transverse
Transverse
foramen
process Lateral view
Lateral view

Atlas (first cervical vertebra) Axis (second cervical vertebra)

Dens of Spinous
Lamin
Anterior axis process
a
arch (bifid)
Pedicl
Atlas e
Transverse
ligament Transverse Vertebral foramen
foramen
Superior articular
Posterior arch facet
Transverse
process Body
Axis

Atlas and axis articulated, superior view Fifth cervical vertebra, superior view

Superior articular
process
C1
Dens
Transverse
process
C2
Spinous process
Vertebral C3
Bifid tip Spinous
body
of spinous C4 processes
process
Body C5 Transverse
Inferior articular process
Transverse process C6
foramen Inferior articular Transverse
facet C7 foramen
Fifth cervical vertebra, lateral view Anterolateral view
7-48
 Thoracic Vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Long, thin spinous

Lamina Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
Transverse

processes directed
process Articular facet
for tubercle of rib
Superior articular
Superior articular
process
facet

inferiorly
Pedicle Superior articular
facet for rib head
Body

(a) Superior view

• Long transverse
Superior articular process
processes
• Articular facets on
Superior articular facet
Superior
intervertebral notch Pedicle
Superior articular Transverse process

transverse processes
Posterior
facet for rib head
Articular facet for
tube rcle of rib
Anterior Body

for ribs (first 10

Lamina
Inferior articular process Articular
Inferior articular T1
facet for
facet for rib head rib head

thoracic vertebrae)
Spinous process
T2
Inferior intervertebral Articular
notch facet for
T3
tubercle of rib

• Facets on body for

(b) Lateral view Transverse
Body T4 process

articulation with ribs

Spinous
T5
Space for process
intervertebral
disk
T6

• Most ribs have heads

Intervertebral
foramen
T7

(c) Posterolateral view that articulate with two

(c) © Trent Stephens
sequential vertebrae
7-49
 Lumbar Vertebrae
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spinous process

Lamina

• Large thick bodies

Transverse Superior articular
process facet

Pedicle Vertebral foramen

• Heavy rectangular Body

transverse and spinous (a) Superior view

processes
Superior articular

• Superior articular facets Vertebral

process

Transverse

face medially; inferior

body process

Spinous process
Pedicle

articular facets face Inferior articular

process
Inferior articular
facet

laterally (b) Lateral view

– Adds strength
L1 Intervertebral
foramen

– Limits rotation
Body Spinous
L2 process

Transverse
L3 process
Space for
intervertebral
disk L4

L5

(c) Lateral view

(c) © Trent Stephens

7-50
 Sacrum and Coccyx
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Sacrum
Ala
– Alae: superior lateral parts
of fused transverse
Sacral
promontory
Anterior
sacral
foramina
processes
– Auricular surface:
Transverse articulates with pelvic bone
lines
– Median sacral crest:
partially fused spinous
processes
– Sacral hiatus: site of
Coccyx

(a) Anterior view Superior

anesthesia injection
Ala
articular facet
(articulates – Sacral foramina:
intervertebral foramina
with fifth
Sacral canal
lumbar
vertebra)
Auricular
surface Median sacral – Sacral promontory:
anterior edge of body of
(articulates crest
with coxal bone)

Posterior
first vertebra. Marks
sacral
foramina
separation of abdominal
Sacral hiatus and pelvic cavities
• Coccyx: tailbone
Coccyx

7-51
(b) Posterior view
 Rib Cage
• Functions
– Protects vital organs
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
– Forms semi-rigid chamber
for respiration
Seventh cervical vertebra
Clavicle First thoracic vertebra
Jugular notch

• Parts
1

Sternal 2

– Thoracic vertebrae
angle
3
True ribs

– Ribs (12 pair)

Costal 4
cartilage
Manubrium
5

6
Body Sternum
• True or
Vertebrosternal:
Xiphoid process
7

False ribs
8 11
T12 superior seven. Attach
directly to sternum via
9
(8–12) 12 L1
Floating ribs
10

(a) Anterior view

Head of rib set
against the inferior
costal cartilages
articular facet
of the superior
vertebra • False: inferior five
– Vertebrochondral
Head of rib set
Head against the
Articular facet for superior articular

(3) joined by
Neck
transverse process facet of the inferior
Tubercle of vertebra vertebra

Sternal end
Angle

Body
Tubercle of rib
set against the common cartilage
to sternum
articular facet
(b) Inferior view on the transverse
process of the

– Floating or
inferior vertebra

Angle of rib

vertebral (2) do
not attach to
Body of rib

(c) Lateral view

(c) © Trent Stephens sternum 7-52

 Sternum
• Manubrium
– Articulates with first rib and clavicle
– Jugular notch superiorly
– Sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib
articulates here
• Body: third through seventh ribs articulate
– Also called gladiolus
• Xiphoid process: inferior tip
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Seventh cervical vertebra

Clavicle First thoracic vertebra
Jugular notch
1

Sternal 2
angle
3
True ribs
Costal 4
cartilage
Manubrium
5
Body Sternum
6
Xiphoid process
7

8 11
T12
False ribs
9
(8–12) 12 L1
Floating ribs
10
7-53
(a) Anterior view
 7.3 Appendicular Skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Girdles Clavicle

Pectoral girdle Sacrum

– Pectoral or Scapula
Coxal bone Pelvic girdle

shoulder
– Pelvic Humerus
Femur

• Upper Limbs
– Arm Patella

– Forearm Ulna
Upper limb Tibia
– Wrist Radius
Lower limb

– Hand Fibula
Carpal bones

• Lower Limbs Metacarpal bones

Tarsal bones

– Thigh
Metatarsal
Phalanges
bones
Phalanges

– Leg
Anterior view Anterior view

– Foot
7-54
 Pectoral Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Scapula (2)
Acromion process
Acromion process

Coracoid process
Superior angle
Coracoid process
Superior border

– Acromion process Supraglenoid tubercle

Glenoid cavity
Scapular notch

Supraspinous
fossa
Glenoid cavity

• Forms protective coverInfraglenoid

tubercle
Scapular spine

Subscapular
Infraglenoid tubercle

• Attachment for clavicle

fossa
Lateral (axillary) border
Infraspinous fossa

Medial (vertebral)

• Attachment for muscles border

– Scapular spine: divides View

in (d)
Lateral (axillary) border

posterior surface into

supra- and infraspinous Inferior angle

fossae (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

– Coracoid process:
attachment for muscles Body of clavicle

Spine of scapula Posterior

– Glenoid cavity:
Supraspinous
fossa of scapula

Superior border

articulates with humerus

of scapula

Sternal (medial) Acromion process

end of scapula

• Clavicle (2):
Acromial end
Acromial (lateral) of clavicle
end
Coracoid process

articulates with
of scapula

Body of clavicle Anterior

(c) Superior view (d) Superior view

acromion and with d: © Trent Stephens

manubrium of sternum 7-55

 Arm (Humerus)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Head
Greater
tubercle
• Head
Lesser Anatomical
tubercle neck
• Neck: anatomic and
Surgical

Intertubercular
neck
surgical
groove

• Tubercles: greater and

lesser
Deltoid
tuberosity
• Intertubercular
groove
Radial
groove
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum: rounded,
articulates with radius
• Trochlea: spool-shaped,
articulates with ulna
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge Medial
supracondylar
Olecranon
Radial
fossa
ridge
Coronoid
fossa
fossa
• Epicondyles
Lateral Lateral
epicondyle Medial epicondyle
epicondyle
Capitulum

Trochlea Trochlea
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
7-56
 Forearm: Radius
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olecranon
process
Radial notch of ulna

• Medial: thumb side

Head of radius Trochlear
View notch
in (a)
Coronoid process
(a) Proximal view

Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process • Proximal end
– Head rotates in
Radial notch of ulna Coronoid process
Radial notch of ulna
Head
Ulnar tuberosity

radial notch of ulna.

Neck

Radial tuberosity

– Radial tuberosity:
Interosseous
site of biceps brachii
insertion
ridges Ulna

Radius
• Distal end
– Articulates with
carpals and ulna
– Styloid process
Head
Styloid process
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
(b) Anterior view (c) Medial view of ulna

7-57
 Forearm: Ulna
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olecranon
process

• Lateral: little finger

Radial notch of ulna

Head of radius Trochlear

View notch

side
in (a)
Coronoid process
(a) Proximal view

• Proximal end
Olecranon
process
Trochlear notch

Radial notch of ulna Coronoid process

– Trochlear notch: Head

Neck
Radial notch of ulna
Ulnar tuberosity

fits over trochlea of Radial tuberosity

humerus
– Olecranon process: Interosseous

point of elbow ridges Ulna

– Coronoid process Radius

• Distal end
– Head articulates with
radius and with
carpals Head

– Styloid process
Styloid process
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
(b) Anterior view (c) Medial view of ulna

7-58
 Surface Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Heads of
metacarpal bones
(knuckles)

Head of ulna Acromion

process

Medial border
Lateral epicondyle
of scapula

Olecranon Olecranon
process process

Medial
epicondyle

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer

7-59
 Wrist and Hand
• Wrist: eight carpal bones
– In order from lateral to medial for proximal
row and medial to lateral for distal row: So
Long Top Part, Here Comes The Thumb
– Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform,
Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
– As a unit are convex posteriorly and concave
anteriorly
– Carpal tunnel: on anterior surface. Ligament
from tubercle of trapezium to hook of hamate
• Hand: five metacarpals (palm of hand);
five digits with their phalanges
7-60
 Wrist and Hand
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
(distal row)
Carpal Scaphoid bone Scaphoid bone Carpal
bones Lunate bone Hamate bone Lunate bone
Capitate bone bones
(proximal Triquetrum bone Triquetrum bone (proximal
row) Pisiform bone Trapezoid bone Pisiform bone row)
Trapezium bone

1 1
Metacarpal bones
5 2
4 3 2 5
3 4

Proximal
phalanx
of thumb

Distal
phalanx
of thumb

Digits Proximal
phalanx
of finger

Middle phalanx of finger

Distal phalanx of finger

(a) Posterior view (b) Anterior view

7-61
 Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal bones and
sacrum form ring
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Pelvis: pelvic girdle
Sacrum Sacral promontory and coccyx
Sacroiliac joint
• Coxal bones: Right
Anterior superior
Ilium and Left
– Ilium
iliac spine

Pubis
Coxal
bone – Ischium
Acetabulum
Symphysis pubis – Pubis
Obturator

• Acetabulum:
Ischium
foramen

articulates with head

Subpubic angle
Anterosuperior view

of femur
• Obturator foramen
• Sacrum
7-62
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bones of Sacrum

the Lower
Coxal bone Pelvic girdle

Limb Femur

Patella

Tibia
Lower limb

Fibula

Tarsal bones
Metatarsal
bones
Phalanges
Anterior view 7-63
 Coxal Bones
• Formed as fusion of embryonic ilium, ischium,
pubis. All three contribute to acetabulum
• Ilium: iliac crest, anterior and posterior superior
iliac spines, greater sciatic notch, auricular
surface, sacroiliac joint, iliac fossa
• Ischium: ischial tuberosity
• Pubis: pubic crest, symphysis pubis (pubic
symphysis)
• Pelvic brim
– False (greater pelvis) pelvis superior to brim
– True pelvis inferior to brim
• Pelvic inlet
• Pelvic outlet
7-64
 Coxal Bones
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ilium

Cartilage in
Acetabulum young pelvis
Pubis

Ischium Obturator
foramen

(a) Lateral view

Tubercle of iliac
crest

Iliac crest
Auricular surface
Ilium
(articulates
Iliac fossa with sacrum)
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
Posterior Anterior inferior iliac spine
superior iliac spine
Iliac spine Posterior inferior
Lunate Arcuate iliac spine
surface Linea line
Posterior inferior Greater sciatic
terminalis Pectineal notch
iliac spine Acetabulum line
Greater sciatic Ischium
Superior pubic ramus
notch
Ischial spine
Pubis
Ischial spine
Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic
Pubic crest notch
Lesser sciatic
Inferior pubic ramus
notch Ischial ramus
Acetabular notch

Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen 7-65

Ischial ramus
(b) Lateral view (c) Medial view
 Comparison of the Male
and Female Pelvis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sacral
promontory
Pelvic Ischial
Inlet spine
(red Pelvic Pelvic
dashed brim outlet
line) (blue
Coccyx
Symphysis dashed
pubis line)
Symphysis
pubis
Subpubic angle
Male Female
(a) Anterosuperior view (b) Anterosuperior view

Sacral
promontory
Pelvic
brim Pelvic inlet

Coccyx

Pelvic outlet
7-66
(c) Medial view
 Differences Between the Male
Pelvis and the Female Pelvis
(see figure 7.32)

Area Description
General In females, somewhat lighter in weight and wider
laterally but shorter superiorly to inferiorly and
less funnel-shaped; less obvious muscle attach-
ment points in females

Sacrum Broader in females, with the inferior part directed

more posteriorly; the sacral promontory does
not project as far anteriorly in females

Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped in males; oval in females

Pelvic outlet Broader and more shallow in females

Subpubic angle Less than 90 degrees in males; 90 degrees or

more in females

Ilium More shallow and flared laterally in females

Ischial spines Farther apart in females

Ischial tuberosities Turned laterally in females and medially in

males

7-67
 Thigh
• Femur
– Head: articulates with acetabulum
– Neck
– Trochanters: attachment for muscles that fasten
lower extremity to hip
• Greater and lesser
– Distal condyles: articulate with tibia
• Medial and lateral
– Epicondyles: ligament attachment
• Medial and lateral
• Patella or kneecap: sesamoid
– In tendon of quadriceps femoris
– Changes force relationship between femur and tibia

7-68
 Thigh
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Head
Head Fovea
capitis Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter
Neck
Neck
Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest

Lesser trochanter
Pectineal line
Gluteal tuberosity

Linea aspera

Body (shaft) of femur

Adductortubercle

Medial
epicondyle

Lateral epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle Intercondylar fossa

Medial Lateral condyle

condyle 7-69
Patellar groove
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Patella
Anterior
surface

(a) Anterior view

Posterior
surface

Medial Lateral
facet facet

(b) Posterior view 7-70

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Intercondylar
Leg
eminence
Lateral • Tibia
Medial
condyle
Apex
condyle – Larger and supports
Head Tibial most of weight
tuberosity
Proximal – Tibial tuberosity:
articulation
of tibia and fibula attachment of
quadriceps femoris
– Anterior crest: shin
– Condyles: medial and
Anterior
crest lateral; articulate with
condyles of femur
Fibula Tibia
– Intercondylar
eminence
– Medial malleolus:
medial side of ankle
Distal • Fibula
articulation
of tibia and – Articulates with tibia
fibula
Medial
not femur
Lateral
malleolus malleolus – Lateral malleolus:
lateral wall of ankle 7-71
Anterior view
 Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Tarsals (7)
Calcaneus

– Proximal row: No
Talus

Cuboid Tarsal
bones

Navicular Thanks Cow =

Navicular, Talus,
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Metatarsal bones
5 Lateral cuneiform

Calcaneus
4
3 2 1

Proximal phalanx

– Distal row: MILC =

Digits
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx

Medial, Intermediate
of great toe

Distal phalanx

and Lateral
of great toe

(a) Superior view

Talus
Navicular
Fibula Cuneiforms
Tibia

• Metatarsals (5): foot

Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform

Medial longitudinal arch

Talus

• Phalanges: toes
Lateral Transverse
Calcaneus
longitudinal arch Cuboid
arch

Phalanges Metatarsal bones Tarsal bones

(b) Medial inferior view 7-72

 Arches of the Foot
• Function
– Distribute weight of body between heel and
ball of foot: weight transferred from the
tibia and fibula to the talus. From there, the
weight is distributed first to the calcaneus
then through the arch system along the
lateral side of the foot to the ball (head of
the metatarsals). Footprint in wet sand: only
heel, lateral margin, ball, and toes of foot
imprinted.
• Three major arches
– Transverse arch
– Longitudinal arches: Medial and lateral
7-73