Katie Eriksson > Theory of caritative caring

> The nursing care process in 1981,

BIOGRAPHY
- Finland-Swedish Nurse > The idea of health in 1984,
- Born in Jakobstad in November
> The pause in 1987,
18, 1943
-Died on August 30, 2019 (75 yrs) > The idea of caring in 1987,
-Attended Helsinki Swedish School
> The suffering human being in
of Nursing
1994.
- Graduated there at 1956
-1967 she completed her public
health nursing specialty education METAPARADIGM
at the same institution. > Person
-Professor at ABO Akademi -Patients as suffering human beings
University in Vaasa, where she built
-Unity of spirit, soul, and body
a master’s degree program in health
sciences -Possessing wholeness and holiness
- 1998, she was awarded an
-Dependent on relationships with
honorary doctorate from the Nordic
others
School of Public Health in
Gothenburg, in recognition of her -Having motives to preserve their
promotion of inter- Nordic health
cooperation.
-was named an honorary member of >Health
the society in 2011 -Erikkson defines health as
-retired from her position at Abo soundness, freshness, and well-
Akademi University in 2012, at the being.
age of 68.
-More than an absence of illness
-Eriksson has developed the
Caritative Theory of Caring and -Dimension of health in doing
Caring Science as an academic
discipline. She presented her theory -Dimension of health in being
at the 14th IAHC conference in -Dimension of health in becoming
Melbourne, Australia in 1992.
-In 2003, she was honored -A movement rather than a state
nationally as a knight, First class, of
the White Rose in Finland. >Environment
-Characterizes the total caring
reality based on cultural elements
Katie Eriksson 7 published books
-Transmission of value preferences
> Caring science: The science of (ethos)
caring and the timeless in time
-Preserving respect dignity &
holiness of the human being
-Suffering is an inseparable part of
life
-Suffering related to illness
-Suffering related to care
-Suffering related to life
>Nursing
-Focus on optimal health and
alleviating suffering
-Caring is an act of love and charity
-Joining a caring communion
-Caring elements of learning,
tending and playing
MAJOR CONCEPTS &
DEFINITIONS
Caritas
- means love and charity
Caring communion
-Caring communion constitutes the
context of the meaning of caring and
is the structure that determines
caring reality.
The act of caring
- contains the caring elements
(faith, hope, love, tending, playing,
and learning), involves the
categories of infinity and eternity,
and invites deep communion
Caritative caring ethics
-Caritative caring ethics comprises
the ethics of caring, the core of
which is determined by the caritas
motive.
Dignity
- constitutes one of the basic
concepts of caritative caring ethics.
Invitation
- act that occurs when the care
taker welcomes the patient to the
caring communion.
Suffering
-ontological concept described as a
human being’s struggle between
good and evil in a state of becoming.
The suffering human being
- concept that Eriksson uses to
describe the patient.
Reconciliation
- refers to the drama of suffering.
Caring culture
-the concept that Eriksson (1987)
uses instead of environment.
characterizes the total caring reality
and is based on cultural elements
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
(KATIE ERIKSSON’S CARITATIVE
CARING THEORY)
Strengths
> Holism
-an approach to understanding the
human mind and behavior that
focuses on looking at things as a
whole.
>Acknowledge willingness of person,
caregiver, or patient
- it shows a person’s desire to help
or learn.
>Nurse willingness to act without
prejudice
-shows that nurses are dedicated to
their job of giving quality care
without any sort of bias or favoring
to the patients in need.
>Altruistic
-“showing a disinterested and
selfless concern for the well-being of
others”,
WEAKNESSES
>Abstract
-abstract is sometimes considered to
be a weakness because the ideas are
often too brief wherein details are
not thoroughly provided.
>Spiritually based
- based on the axioms that the
human being is an entity of body,
soul, and spirit, and Eriksson
emphasizes that the human being is
fundamentally a religious being.
>Lack of international use in
nursing education
- puts up barriers that give
difficulties in learning.
>Nurse willingness to sacrifice
-a great strength that could also be
identified as a weakness.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
•This model of nursing distinguishes
between caring ethics, the practical
relationship between the patient and
the nurse, and nursing ethics.
•Nursing ethics are the ethical
principles that guide a nurse’s
decision-making abilities.
•Caritative caring consists of love
and charity, which is also known as
caritas, and respect and reverence
for human holiness & dignity.
•According to the theory, suffering
that occurs as a result of lack of
caritative care is violation of human
dignity.
•Eriksson's caritative caring theory
is based on the metaparadigm
concepts of human being, health
and suffering, caring and
environment.
•For the theoretical model,
Erikkson’s leading thoughts have
been to not only develop the
substance of caring but also to
develop caring science as an
independent discipline.
Dorothea Orem
Dorothea Orem’s honorary
Biography doctorate degrees:
-Born on July 15, 1914, in
Baltimore, Maryland -Doctorate of Science (Georgetown
- attended Seton High School in University, 1976)
Baltimore and graduated in 1931 -Doctorate of Science (Incarnate
-earned her nursing diploma from World University, 1980)
Providence Hospital School of
Nursing located in Washington DC -Doctorate of Humane Letters
in 1934 (Illinois Wesleyan University, 1988)
- finished her Bachelor of Science in
-Doctorate of Honoris Causa
Nursing Education in 1939
(University of Missouri 1998)
- Master of Science in Nursing
Education in 1945 at the Catholic
In year 1949 – 1957
University of America
-Orem worked for the Division of the
- worked as a staff nurse, private
Indiana State Board of Health.
duty nurse, nurse educator and
During this time, she developed her
administrator, and also a nurse
definition of nursing practice.
consultant
-one of America’s foremost Nursing
In year 1958 – 1960
Theorist
-She worked for the U.S.
- developed the Self-Care Deficit
Department of Health, Education,
Theory (Orem Model of Nursing)
and Welfare and helped to publish
-Published her first formal
“Guidelines for Developing Curricula
articulation of Nursing: Concepts of
for the Education of Practical
Practice in 1971 and the second
Nurses”
edition in 1980
-retired in 1984 and continued to
work on her third edition which was
METAPARADIGM
published in 1985; the fourth
edition in 1991
>Nursing
-Completed the 6th edition in
-an art through which the
January 2001 and was published by
practitioner of nursing gives
Mosby
specialized assistance to persons
-worked independently and
with disabilities.
collaboratively until her death at the
age of 92.
>Person
-passed away on June 22, 2007, in
-defined as “men, women, children
Savanah, Georgia, where she had
cared for either singly or as social
worked as a consultant and author
units” and are the “material object”
for the previous 25 years.
of nurses
>Environment
- has physical, chemical, and
biological features. It includes the
family, culture, and community.
>Health
- “being structurally and
functionally whole or sound.”
- a state that encompasses both the
health of individuals and groups.
MAJOR CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
Well-Being
- conceived as experiences of
contentment, pleasure, and kinds of
happiness
Self Care
- a practice of activities that
individuals initiate and perform on
their own behalf in maintaining life,
health, and well-being.
> Deliberate Action
-preceded by investigating and
deciding what choice to make.
Self-Care Agency
-complex acquired capability to meet
one’s continuing requirements for
care of self that regulates life
processes
>Agent
- person who engages in a course of
action or has the power to do so.
>Capability
-ability, and power are all terms
used to express agency.
Basic Conditioning Factors
-age, gender, developmental state,
health state, socio-cultural
orientation, health care system
factors
Therapeutic Self-Care Demand
(TSCD)
-complex theoretical concept that
summarizes all actions that should
be performed over time
Self-Care Deficit
-expresses the value of the
relationship between two other
concepts: self-care agency and
therapeutic self-care demand.
Nursing Agency
- property or attribute of people
educated and trained as nurses that
enables them to act, know, and help
others
Nursing System
- “action system” an action or a
sequence of actions performed for a
purpose.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES
Strengths
-The Self-Care Deficit Theory is
specific to nursing and serves as the
general foundation for the nursing
discipline.
-Can enhance the development of
nursing education, research, and
administration.
-The Self-Care Deficit Theory is
timely and is inclined with the
nursing trends in health promotion
and maintenance.
-Associated with life processes and
the maintenance of the integrity of
human structure and functioning.
-The theory creates a coordinated
nursing care plan that adjusts to
the patient’s needs throughout
recovery.
Weaknesses
-Repetitive terms like self-care
deficit agency, requisites, deficit,
etc. can be confusing.
-Psychological and emotional needs
are not well-developed within the
theory.
-The theory is illness-oriented with
no indication of its use in a wellness
setting.
-Does not address cultural needs.
DOROTHEA OREM’S SELF CARE
DEFICIT THEORY
-Also known as Orem’s Model of
Nursing between 1959 and 2001
-Used in the rehabilitation of
patients and primary care
-The goal of this theory is for all the
patients to want to take care of and
fend for themselves as they can.
SELF-CARE REQUISITES
Universal Self-care requisites
- maintenance of sufficient intake of
air, food, and water
-provision of care associated with
the elimination process and
excrement
- maintenance of balance between
activities and rest, as well as
between solitude and social
interaction
Developmental Self-Care Requisites
-Maturational, progress the patient
to a higher level of maturation
-Situational, prevent harmful effects
in the development
High Deviation Self-Care Requisites
-Seeking and securing appropriate
medical assistance
-Being aware of and attending to the
effects and results of pathologic
conditions and states
-Effectively carrying out medically
prescribed diagnostic, therapeutic,
and rehabilitative measures
THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM
Wholly Compensatory System
-consists of complete care for the
patient by the nurse because the
patient is not able to perform any of
their self-care activities.
Partly Compensatory System
-patient can perform some but not
all of the needed self-care activities.
Supportive-Education System
-referred to as the development
nursing system.
-nurse only provides assistance and
education to support the patient’s
self-care abilities and activities.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- encouraging patients to be
independent whenever they can
perform the tasks on their own.
THEORIES CONNECTED TO
DODTHEA OREM’S THEORY
-Cognitive Theory (Aaron Beck 1967)
-Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(Maslow 1943)
-Imogene King’s Theory of Goal
Attainment (1968)
MARTHA ROGERS
BIOGRAPHY
-born on May 12, 1914, in Dallas,
Texas
-died on March 13, 1994.
-Rogers received her nursing
diploma from Knoxville General
Hospital School of Nursing on
1936
-Public Health Nursing Degree from
Georgia Peabody College in
Tennessee in 1937.
-her Master’s Degree from Teacher’s
College at Columbia University on
1945
-her Doctorate from Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore on 1954.
-She started her career on 1937 by
working for the Children’s Fund of
Michigan
-settled on a position as the
Executive Director at the Visiting
Nurse Service in Phoenix, Arizona
on 1945 and
-and officially retired as Professor
and Head of the Division of Nursing
on 1975.
-the year 1979, Martha E. Rogers
became Professor Emerita and
continued to have an active role in
the development of Nursing and the
Science of Unitary Human Beings
-Martha E. Rogers was also
inducted into the American Nurses
Association Hall Of Fame for her
work of her theory in 1996
posthumously. A fun fact about her
is she shares birthday with Florence
Nightingale.
-Martha Rogers was known for
developing the Science of Unitary
Human Beings and landmark book
an introduction to the theoretical
basis of nursing.
METAPARADIGM OF ROGER’S
THEORY
>Nursing
-is a learned profession that is both
a science and an art.
>Person
-a person is an open system in
continuous process with the open
system that is the environment.
>Health
-health is an expression of the living
process.
>Environment
- “an irreducible, pandimentional
energy field
identified by pattern and
manifesting characteristics different
from those of the parts.
MAJOR CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
Energy Field
-the fundamental unit of both the
living and the non-living.
Openness
-refers to qualities exhibited by open
systems; human beings and
their environment are open systems.
Pattern
-as the distinguishing characteristic
of an energy field seen as a single
wave.
Pandimensional
- “non-linear domain without spatial
or temporal attributes.”
- “An irreducible, indivisible, pan-
dimensional energy field identified
by pattern and integral with the
human field.”
Homeodynamic Principles
-postulate a way of viewing unitary
human beings.
Resonancy
-an ordered arrangement of rhythm
characterizing both the human and
environmental fields that undergo
continuous dynamic metamorphosis
Helicy
-describes the unpredictable,
nonlinear evolution of energy fields
Integrity
-the mutual, continuous
relationship of the human and
environmental fields.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES
Strength
• Martha Rogers’ concepts provide a
worldview from which nurses may
derive theories and hypotheses and
propose relationships specific to
different situations.
• Rogers’ theory is not directly
testable due to a lack of concrete
hypotheses, but it is testable in
principle.
Weaknesses
• Rogers’ model does not define
particular hypotheses or theories,
for it is an abstract, unified, and
highly derived framework.
• Testing the concepts’ validity is
questionable because its concepts
are not directly measurable.
• The theory was believed to be
profound and was too ambitious
because the concepts are extremely
abstract.
• Rogers claimed that nursing exists
to serve people. However, nurses’
roles were not clearly defined.
• The purpose of nurses is to
promote health and well-being for
all persons wherever they are.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-nursing process is the essential
core of practice that guide nurses in
delivery of holistic, patient-focused
care.
-nursing process usually includes
an assessment, diagnosis,
outcomes/planning,
-Rogers proposed to implement the
Science of Unitary Human Being
(SUB) framework in nursing
process.
IMOGEME KING
BIOGRAPHY
- born on Jan. 30 1923, West Point,
Iowa
- In 1945, she received her nursing
diploma from St. John’s Hospital
School of Nursing
-In 1957, she received Master of
Science from St. Louis University.
-Studied with Mildred Montag as her
dissertation chair at Teacher’s
College
-From 1947 to 1958, she worked as
an instructor in Medical-Surgical
nursing.
-Got her master’s degree program in
nursing based on conceptual
framework from 1961 to 1966 at
Loyola University in Chicago.
- In 1969, King conducted a World
Health Organization nursing
research seminar in Manila,
Philippines
-King retired in 1990 and was
named professor emeritus at the
University of South Florida.
METAPARADIGM
>Person
-as "a personal system that interacts
with interpersonal and social
systems" This involves every aspect
of the patient's self
>Health
-"“Dynamic life experiences of a
human being, which implies
continuous adjustment to stressors
in the internal and external
environment through optimum use
of one’s resources to achieve
maximum potential for daily living”.
>Nursing
-"a process of human interactions
with the goal of helping patients
achieve their goal"
MAJOR CONCEPTS AND
DEFINITIONS
-Nursing
-Person/Individual
-Environment
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
STRENGTH
-is how nurses can understand goal
attainment theory and describe a
logical sequence of events.
-For most parts, concepts are
concretely defined and illustrated.
-King’s definitions are clear and are
conceptually derived from the
research literature.
WEAKNESSES
-Limited application in nursing
areas in which patients are unable
to interact completely with nurses.
-Lack of development of applying the
theory in providing nursing care to
groups, families and communities
JEAN WATSON
BIOGRAPHY
- Started her education in West
Virginia and then attended Lewis
Gale School of Nursing in Roanake,
Virginia.
-distinguished Professor and
Director of Center of Human
Caring, School of Nursing,
University of Colorado Health
Science Center
-fellow in an American Academy of
Nursing
-Awarded numerous awards
including a Visiting Kellog
Fellowship at Western Australia
Institute of technology and an
International Fullbright Award.
-Noted that her ideas associated
with her philosophy and theory of
human caring are concerned with
spirit than matter, flux rather than
form, inner knowledge and power
rather than from circumstances
-Embedded with persistent values
and imperatives related to human
interaction that flows between the
one-caring-for and the one-cared
for
METAPARADIGM
>PERSON
-valued person in and of him to be
cared for, respected, nurtured,
understood, and assisted.
>HEALTH
-refers to unity and harmony within
the mind, body, and soul.
3 Elements in addition to WHO
-A high level of over-all physical,
mental, and social functioning
-A general adaptive maintenance
level of daily functioning
-The absence of illness
>NURSING
-to move educationally in the two
areas of stress and developmental
conflicts to provide holistic health
care
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE
SCIENCE OF CARING
- Caring can be effectively
demonstrated and practiced only
interpersonally.
-Responses accept a person not only
as he or she is now but what he or
she may become
-Caring Environment offers the
development of potential while
allowing the person to choose the
best action for himself or herself at
given point of time.
-Caring is more “Healthogenic” than
is curing.
-Caring is central to nursing
10 CARATIVE FACTORS
-Formation of a Humanistic-
altruistic system of values
-Instillation of faith-hope
-Cultivation of sensitivity to one's
self and to others
-Development of helping-trusting,
human caring relationship
-Promotions and acceptance of the
expression of positive and negative
feelings
-Systematic use of a creative
problem-solving caring process
-Promotion of transpersonal
teaching-learning
-Provision for supportive, protective,
and corrective mental, physical,
societal, and spiritual environment
-Assistance with gratification of
human needs
-Allowance for existential-
phenomenological-spiritual forces
PRACTICE
-is an eternal optimist and she
writes from a deep place about the
personal.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
-leads the reader through an
inspiring experience by
emphasizing deep inner reflection
and personal growth,
communication skills, use of self-
transpersonal growth, attention to
both nurse and patient, and the
human caring process that
potentiates human health and
healing.