ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
INSTRUCTOR: JENNY-ANN B. SORIANO, RN MAN CHA
jennyannsoriano@davaodoctors.edu.ph
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
- Muscles appear under a light microscope
with several nuclei compressed along the
Thethmembranes that cells have a striated
appearance.
- The numerous myoblasts that combine to
produce each long muscle fiber give rise
to multinucleated cells.
- skeletal muscle cells are elongated to
provide a long axis for contraction, they
are often called muscle fibers.
- It is connected to bones, and its
contraction enables movement, posture,
and other bodily functions. As a result of
contracting, they produce heat and take
part in thermal homeostasis.
- Skeletal muscle makes up 40% of your
body 's total mass. The bundles of
skeletal muscle tissue are enclosed by
connective tissue.
4 SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE
TISSUES
CONTRACTILITY
- Is the ability of muscle cells to
forcefully shorten. Contractility
allows muscle tissue to pull on its
attachment points and shorten
with force.( muscles can only pull,
never push.)
EXCITABILITY
- the capacity to respond to a
stimulus. Normally, the stimulus is
from nerves that we consciously
control.
EXTENSIBLITY
- means that skeletal muscles
stretch. After a contraction,
skeletal muscles can be stretched
to their normal resting length and
beyond to a limited degree.
ELASTICITY
- the ability of the skeletal muscle to
recoil to their original resting
length after they have been
stretched
SMOOTH MUSCLE ANATOMY
The function of smooth muscle is different from
skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle may sustain tone for
longer periods of time than skeletal muscle and
frequently contracts without conscious control.
Smooth muscle is an involuntary, non-striated muscle
at the cellular level.
Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and
glands
Smooth muscle cells have a single central
nucleus, are spindle-shaped, elastic, and not
striated.
Actin and myosin form continuous chains
within the smooth muscle cell which are
anchored at the dense bodies.
Involuntary; nervous system controls;
hormones, chemicals, stretch
SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
Skeletal muscle voluntary and reflex muscle, which
consists of striated tissue and it is composed of large,
long cells called muscle fibers. The structures of a
muscle fiber, working from the cell’s exterior to its
interior, are:
Epimysium
- is the dense connective tissue that
surrounds the entire muscle tissue.
Fascicles
- a bundle of muscle fibers, also called
myocytes, bound together via the
endomysium tissue that provides
pathways for the passage of blood
vessels and nerves.
Perimysium
- is a continuous layer of collagenous
connective tissue that separates the
skeletal muscle tissue into muscle
fascicles.
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INSTRUCTOR: JENNY-ANN B. SORIANO, RN MAN CHA
jennyannsoriano@davaodoctors.edu.ph
Muscle fibres
- each skeletal muscle fiber is a
single cylindrical muscle cell. An
individual skeletal muscle may
be made up of hundreds, or
even thousands, of muscle
fibers bundled together and
wrapped in a connective tissue
covering.
Endomysium
- the connective tissue layer
surrounding an individual
skeletal muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma
- the connective tissue layer
surrounding an individual
skeletal muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasm
- the cytoplasm (material or
protoplasm within a living cell,
excluding the nucleus) of
striated muscle cells.
Myofibryls
- the cytoplasm (material or
protoplasm within a living cell,
excluding the nucleus) of
striated muscle cells.
Myosin and Actin
- proteins that are found in all
types of muscle tissue. Myosin
forms thick filaments (15 nm in
diameter) and actin forms
thinner filaments (7nm in
diameter). Actin and myosin
filaments work together to
generate force.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE MOVEMENT
HOW DOES OUR MUSCULAR SYSTEM WORK?
1.Your nervous system (brain and nerves) sends
a message to activate your skeletal (voluntary)
muscles.
2. Your muscle fibers contract (tense up) in
response to the message.
3. When the muscle activates or bunches up, it pulls
on the tendon.
FUNCTIONS
Muscles pull on the joints, allowing us to
move. They also help the body do such
things as chewing food and then moving it
through the digestive system.
Skeletal muscle constantly maintain tone,
which keeps us sitting or standing erect.
Muscles of the thorax carry out breathing
movements.
When skeletal muscles contract, heat is
given off as a by-product. This released heat
is critical to the maintenance of body
temperature.
Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects
of communication, including speaking,
writing, typing, gesturing, and facial
expressions.
Nutrients move through our digestive tract,
urine is passed out of the body, and
secretions are propelled out of glands by
contraction of smooth muscle. Constriction
or relaxation of blood vessels regulates
blood pressure and blood distribution
throughout the body.
The excitation and conduction of this system
controls the contractions of heart muscle.
MAJOR MUSCLES GROUPS
PECTORAL MUSCLES
- a collection of skeletal muscles that connect
the upper extremities to the anterior and
lateral walls of the thoracic cavity
PECTORALIS MAJOR
a thick muscle that is fan
shapeand is located
underneath the
breast tissue.
provides support to the
glenohumeral joint so that
the arm can be extended further.
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PECTORALIS MINOR
a chest muscle that is tiny,
flat, and formed like a
triangle.
responsible for moving
both your rib cage and
your shoulder blade.
SHOULDER MUSCLES
SUBCAPULARIS
- attaches to the middle part of your
scapula and stretches to the bottom part
of the ball of your humerus.
- rotator cuff muscles act together to
stabilize and steer the humeral head
within the glenoid cavity during various
movements of the upper limb.
- the precise action of subscapularis is to
internally rotate the arm on the shoulder
joint.
SUPRASPINATUS
- stretches from the top of the scapula to
the top of the humerus, at the ball of
your shoulder joint.
- the most superior of the four rotator cuff
muscles a small triangular-shaped
muscle, located on the posterior aspect
of the scapula.
- originates from the medial aspect of the
supraspinous fossa, a concave
depression located above the spine of
the scapula.
INFRASPINATUS
- a thick triangular muscle that occupies
the majority of the dorsal surface of the
scapula.
- arises mostly from the infraspinous
fossa of scapula, and connects it to the
proximal humerus.
- provide a wide range of arm motion
while keeping the head of humerus
centralized within the glenoid cavity.
TRES MINOR
- attaches to the side of the scapula and
attaches to the humerus beneath the
infraspinatus.
- facilitate over-head upper limb
movements such as pulling and throwing
- supports the shoulder and at the same
time loads the force in the preload phase
of overhead movements.
ARM MUSCLES
- Arms comprise numerous muscles that
collaborate to allow a person to
accomplish a wide range of actions and
duties. Each arm is made up of an upper
arm and a forearm. The upper arm is the
section of the body that extends from the
shoulder to the elbow. The forearm
extends from the elbow to the wrist.
- The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint that
allows for a variety of movements. These
muscles are used for everything from
throwing a ball to reaching for something
on a shelf. The glenohumeral joint, also
known as the glenohumeral joint, has the
greatest range of motion of any joint in the
human body.
BICEPS BRACHII
commonly known as
the biceps
a large, thick muscle on
the ventral portion of
the upper arm
located beneath the brachialis and
coracobrachialis muscles and forms the anterior
side of the arm
a superficial muscle, a muscle with two joints
The long head pulls the arm away from the
trunk and inwards (inward rotation), whereas
the short head pulls the arm back towards the
trunk (abduction) (adduction).
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CORACOBRACHIALIS ABS MUSCLES

a muscle located TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS

in the anterior
(i.e., front) The deepest muscle
compartment of the layer.
upper arm Its primary functions
responsible for flexion (i.e., movement to are to stabilize the
decrease the angle between limb and joint) trunk and keep
and adduction (i.e., movement towards the internal abdominal pressure constant.
center of the body) at the glenohumeral
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
joint, located in the shoulder.
located in the front
BRAHIALIS
of the pelvis, between
also known as the ribs and the pubic
Brachialis Anticus bone.
located beneath It produces the
the biceps distinctive bumps or bulges known as "the six
known as the pack."
workhorse of the elbow a major flexor of
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
the forearm at the elbow joint, flexing the
elbow while it is in all positions allow the trunk to rotate,
the only pure flexor of the elbow joint– but only to the opposite
producing the majority of force during elbow side of the one that
flexion. is contracting.
The right external oblique contracts to turn the
body to the left.
TRICEPS BRACHII
INTERNAL OBLIQUE
a three-headed muscle
of the arm allow the trunk to rotate,
represents the only but only to the opposite
constituent of the side of the one that is
posterior muscle group contracting.
The right external oblique contracts to turn the
of the arm, spanning almost the entire
body to the left.
length of the humerus
consists of a long, medial and lateral head, BACK MUSCLES
that originate from their respective
attachments on the humerus and scapula, LAYERS OF BACK MUSCLES
and insert via a common tendon on the ulna.
SUPERFICIAL
extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
and adduction of the arm at the shoulder associated with movements of the shoulder.
joint.

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INTERMEDIATE

associated with movements of the thoracic

cage.

DEEP

associated with movements of the vertebral

column.

LEG MUSCLES

POTERIOR

LATERAL

ANTERIOR

BIBLIOGRAPHY

VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L., Russo, A. F., Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2017). Seeley's Anatomy et
Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education.

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INSTRUCTOR: JENNY-ANN B. SORIANO, RN MAN CHA
jennyannsoriano@davaodoctors.edu.ph
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART
- a four-chambered muscular organ,
shaped and sized roughly like a
man's closed fist with two-thirds of
the mass to the left ventricle
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
EPICARDIUM
- the outermost layer of the heart
- formed by the visceral layer of the
pericardium
- composed of connective tissue and
fat
MYOCARDIUM
- composed of cardiac muscle and
is an involuntary striated muscle
- responsible for contractions of the
heart
ENDOCARDIUM
- the innermost layer of the cardiac
wall
- lines the cavities and valves of
the heart
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
 Right Atrium
 Right Ventricle
 Left Atrium
 Left Ventricle
VALVES OF THE HEART
 Aortic Valve
 Mitral Valve
 Pulmonary Valve
 Tricuspid Valve
FUNCTION OF THE HEART
 Pumping oxygenated blood to other
body parts
 Pumping hormones and other vital
substances to different parts of the
body
 Receiving deoxygenated blood and
carrying metabolic waste products from
the body and pumping it to the lungs for
oxygenation
 Maintaining blood pressure
BLOOD VESSELS
a tube through which the blood
circulates in the body. Blood vessels
include a network of arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
is the circuit, from the right ventricle to
the lungs and back to the left atrium
carries blood to the lungs for gas
exchange and then returns it to the
heart
THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION WORKS
THROUGH:
The right side of the heart receives
oxygen-poor blood from the veins of
the body through the large superior
vena cava (venae cavae) and pumps it
through the pulmonary trunk.
The pulmonary trunk splits into the
right and left pulmonary arteries, which
carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen
is picked up and carbon dioxide is
unloaded.
Oxygen-rich blood drains from the
lungs and is returned to the left side of
the heart through the four pulmonary
veins.
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PULMONARY VEINS
Right superior pulmonary vein
- drains your right lung's upper lobe
and middle lobe
Right inferior pulmonary vein
- drains your right lung's lower lobe
Left superior pulmonary vein
- drains your left lung's upper lobe
and your lingula
Left inferior pulmonary vein
- drains your left lung's lower lobe
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
In physiology, the circuit of vessels
supplying oxygenated blood to and
returning deoxygenated blood from the
tissues of the body, as distinguished from
the pulmonary circulation.
Blood is pumped from the left ventricle of
the heart through the aorta and arterial
branches to the arterioles and through
capillaries, where it reaches an
equilibrium with the tissue fluid, and then
drains through the venules into the veins
and returns, via the venae cavae, to the
right atrium of the heart.
Pressure in the arterial system, resulting
from heart action and distension by the
blood, maintains systemic blood flow.
The systemic pathway consists of many
circuits in parallel, each of which has its
own arteriolar resistance that determines
blood flow independently of the overall
flow and pressure and without necessarily
disrupting these.
For example, the blood flow through the
digestive tract increases after meals, and
that through working muscles increases
during exercise.
Carries oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle, through the arteries, to the
capillaries in the tissues of the body.
From the tissue capillaries, the
deoxygenated blood returns through a
system of veins to the right atrium of the
heart.
ORDER OF VESSELS IT PASSES THROUGH
IN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Systemic circulation flows through
arteries, then arterioles, then
capillaries where gas exchange
occurs to tissues.
Blood is then returned to the heart
through venules and veins, which
merge into the superior and inferior
vena cavae and empty into the right
atrium to complete the circuit.
PARTS OF SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
The channels through which the
journey of the systemic circulatory
system takes place:
➔ Arteries ➔ Capillaries➔ Veins
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PULMONARY
AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
PULMONARY SYSTEMIC
Composed of the Composed of inferior
pulmonary artery and and superior vena
pulmonary vein cava, aorta, and
other small blood
vessels
Carries blood to the Carries blood
lungs throughout the body
Carries oxygenated Carries
blood from the lungs deoxygenated blood
to the left atrium of from the body to the
the heart by the right atrium of the
pulmonary vein heart by the superior
and inferior vena
cava
PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD
The cardiovascular system's
function is to move blood
throughout the body. This blood
circulation keeps organs, muscles,
and tissues healthy and working to
keep us alive.
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OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
TRANSPORT
Supplying oxygen to the body is the
most essential function of the
cardiovascular system.
NUTRIENT AND WASTE PRODUCT
TRANSPORT
Delivering nutrients to the body is
another critical function of the
cardiovascular system.
DISEASE PROTECTION AND HEALING
The circulatory system serves as the
highway for disease-fighting cells and
proteins, and messengers of the
immune system.
HORMONE DELIVERY
Hormones are chemical messengers
produced by endocrine glands that
affect distant organs.
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Body temperature regulation is an often
overlooked but important function of the
cardiovascular system.
PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
VITAL SIGNS
referred in clinical settings
arterial pulse and blood pressure
measurements, along with those of
respiratory rate and body temperature
ARTERIAL PULSE
the alternating expansion and recoil of
an artery that occurs with each beat of
the left ventricle create a pressure wave
(pulse) that travels through the arterial
system.
MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
The off-and-on flow of blood into the
arteries as the heart alternately contracts
and relaxes causes the blood pressure to
rise and fall during each beat.
Two arterial blood pressures are usually
measured:
- Systolic Pressure - the pressure in
the arteries at the peak of
ventricular contraction
- Diastolic Pressure - the pressure
when the ventricles are relaxing
BLOOD VESSELS
are channels that carry blood throughout
your body
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
- carry blood away from heart
Veins
- carry blood back toward your heart
Capillaries
- the smallest blood vessels, connect
arteries and veins
HOW BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE BODY
Veins bring blood to the right side of your
heart
Pulmonary arteries carry the blood to your
lungs, where it receives oxygen.
Pulmonary veins move the blood oxygen-
rich blood to the left side of your heart.
The aorta (the main artery in your body)
carries the blood from the left side of your
heart to the rest of your body through many
branches of arteries.
Capillaries have thin walls that allow
oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and
waste products to pass through, to, and
from the tissue cells.
Veins then carry the blood back to your
heart, and the process begins again
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
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SHORT TERM
Baroreceptor Reflex
◆ Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepine ADP◆
Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ● ANP ●
ADP
Chemoreceptor Reflex
Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
● ANP ● ADP
LONG TERM
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone (RAA) System
BLOOD
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
the heart pumps blood through a vast
network of arteries and veins
is a living fluid
transports oxygen and other essential
substances throughout the body, fights
sickness, and performs other vital
functions
FACTS ABOUT BLOOD
Blood is a fluid connective tissue.
Blood provides the body's cells with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Blood transports nutrients and
hormones.
Blood regulates body temperature.
Platelets clot blood at sites of injury.
Blood brings waste products to the
kidneys and liver.
Red blood cells are the most
numerous living cells in the blood.
White blood cells protect the body from
pathogens.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD PLASMA
the liquid part of blood
approximately 90% water
Over 100 different substances are
dissolved in this straw-colored fluid.
Examples of dissolved substances
include nutrients, salts (electrolytes),
respiratory gases, hormones, plasma
proteins, and various wastes and
products of cell metabolism
Plasma proteins are the most abundant
solutes in plasma.
ERYTHROCYTES (RBC)
Also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
functions primarily to ferry oxygen to all
cells of the body
discs measuring about 7-8
micrometers in diameter
contains hemoglobin molecules that
bind to oxygen so it can be transported
to tissues
mature RBCs - lack a nucleus and
organelles and have no nuclear DNA
RBCs, endothelial vessel cells, and
other blood cells are also marked by
glycoproteins that define the different
blood types
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The ratio of RBCs to blood plasma is

Have lobed nuclei, which typically consist
referred to as the hematocrit and is
of several rounded nuclear areas
normally about 45%.
connected by thin strands of nuclear
The combined surface area of all red
material
blood cells of the human body would be
The granules in their cytoplasm stain
roughly 2,000 times greater than the
specifically with Wright's stain
body's exterior surface.
Include:
` - Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

WBC: AGRANULOCYTES

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

LEUKOCYTES (WBC)
also known as white blood cells
(WBCs)
usually larger in size (10-14
micrometers in diameter) than red
blood cells
lack hemoglobin but contain
organelles, a nucleus, and nuclear
DNA
the main functional component of the
body's immune system
destroy and remove old or aberrant
cells and cellular debris, as well as
attack infectious agents (pathogens)
and foreign substances
classified into two major groups:
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Their nuclei are closer to the norm -- that is,
they are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
Include:
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)
Measure between 1-2 micrometers in
diameter
These membrane-bound cell fragments
lack nuclei and are responsible for blood
clotting (coagulation)
Result from the fragmentation of large
cells called megakaryocytes, which are
derived from stem cells in the bone
marrow
Produced at a rate of 200 billion per day,
a process regulated by the hormone
thrombopoietin

WBC: GRANULOCYTES

Granule-containing WBCs

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➔ Contain mitochondrial DNA, but not nuclear
PRODUCTION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
DNA
(WBC)

WBC and platelet production are

controlled by hormones
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and
interleukins prompt bone marrow to
generate leukocytes

PRODUCTION OF PLATELETS
BLOOD PRODUCTION
Thrombopoietin stimulates production of
THE BONE MARROW AND BLOOD platelets from megakoryocytes
FORMATION TPO - hormone secreted by the kidneys
and liver
HEMATOPOIESIS
- is the process of blood cell formation Formation of megakaryocytes
Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid
tissue) Megakaryocytes
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) - - -the gigantic cells that develop as
multipotent a result of multiple rounds of DNA
- They can make copies of themselves replication without cell division
- They also make new cells that are The main job of platelets, or
closer to being blood cells, called thrombocytes, is blood clotting
progenitor cells Production of platelets is subjective to a
All blood cells are derived from a classic negative feedback loop: reduced
common stem cell (hemocytoblast) platelet levels: promote production, while
Hemocytoblasts form two types of elevated levels inhibit it
descendants:
Lymphoid stem cell - produces
lymphocytes
Lymphoblasts (immature lymphoid
stem cells)
Myeloid stem cell - can produce all
other formed elements BIBLIOGRAPHY
Myeloblasts (immature myeloid stem
cells) VanPutte, C. L., Regan, J. L., Russo, A. F., Seeley, R.
R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2017). Seeley's Anatomy
PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS et Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education.
Rate of RBC production is controlled by a
hormone called erythropoietin
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a
response to reduced oxygen levels in the
blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative
feedback from blood oxygen levels

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