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TOPIC OUTLINE 2. SKELETAL MUSCLE

[1] OVERVIEW - striated muscle (long, thin parallel streaks)
[2] SKELETAL MUSCLE - VOLUNTARY
[3] CARDIAC MUSCLE
[4] SMOOTH MUSCLE Skeletal Fibers: attached by tendons to bones
[5] MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF MUSCLE FIBER Skeletal Cells: large, cigar-shaped (striated), and
[6] FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE multinucleated
[7] ACTION POTENTIAL
[8] CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (WHOLE)  Skeletal muscle cells are surrounded and
[9] TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENT bundled by connective tissue
[10] INTERACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN BODY  Endomysium—encloses a single
[11] NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES muscle fiber
 Perimysium—wraps around a
1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM: OVERVIEW fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers
- the system composed of different muscles  Epimysium—covers the entire
responsible for all types of body movement skeletal muscle
- muscle fiber (basic unit)  Fascia—on the outside of the
epimysium
BASIC MUSCLE TYPES
[1] Skeletal Muscle
[2] Cardiac Muscle
[3] Smooth Muscle

 Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are

elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
 Contraction and shortening of muscles are
due to the movement of microfilaments
 All muscles share some terminology
 Prefixes myo- and mys- refer to
“muscle”
 Prefix sarco- refers to “flesh”

 The epimysium of skeletal muscle blends

into a connective tissue attachment
 Tendons—cordlike structures
 Mostly collagen fibers
 Often cross a joint
because of their
toughness and small size
 Aponeuroses—sheetlike
structures
 Attach muscles indirectly
to bones, cartilages, or
connective tissue
coverings
 Whereas all muscle types produce
movement, skeletal muscles have three
other important roles:
 Maintain posture and body
position
 Stabilize joints
 Generate heat

3. CARDIAC MUSCLE
- striated muscles (long, thin parallel streaks)
- INVOLUNTARY
- found only in the walls of the heart
- uninuclear
- Branching cells are joined by gap junctions called
intercalated discs
- contracts at a steady rate set by a pacemaker

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4. SMOOTH MUSCLE
- non-striated muscles (spindle-shaped)
- INVOLUNTARY
- Found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs
(such as stomach, urinary bladder, respiratory
passages)
- Spindle-shaped fibers that are uninucleated
- Contractions are slow and sustained
5. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF MUSCLE FIBER
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE FIBER
Sarcolemma  specialized plasma membrane
 Sarcomere is the contractile
unit of a mucle fiber containing
myosin (thick filament) and
actin (thin filament)
Myofibrils  long organelles inside muscle
fiber composed of bundles of
myofilaments
 Light (I) bands and dark (A)
bands give the muscle its
striated (banded) appearance
BANDING PATTERN OF MYOFIBRILS
I band (light  contains only thin myofilament
band) (actin)
 has the:
1. Z disc- a midline interruption
between two I-bands
A band  contains the entire length of
(dark band) thick myofilament (myosin)
 has the:
1. H zone - lighter central area,
lacks actin
2. M line - center of the H zone
THICK FILAMENT = MYOSIN
- Composed of the protein MYOSIN
- Contain ATPase enzymes to split ATP to release
energy for muscle contractions
- Possess projections known as myosin heads
- Myosin heads are known as cross bridges when
they link thick and thin filaments during contraction
THIN FILAMENT = ACTIN
- Composed of the contractile protein ACTIN
- Actin is anchored to the Z disc
- At rest, within the A band there is a zone that lacks
actin filaments called the H zone
- During contraction, H zones disappear as actin and
myosin filaments overlap
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SR)
- specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum of
skeletal muscles
- surrounds the myofibril
- stores and releases calcium
6. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Irritability (also called responsiveness)—
ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
 Contractility—ability to forcibly shorten
when an adequate stimulus is received
 Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be
stretched
 Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume
resting length after stretching
7. ACTION POTENTIAL
 Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a
motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract
 Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the
skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that
neuron

IMPORTANT TERMS
Neuromuscular  Association site of axon
Junction terminal of the motor
neuron and sarcolemma
of a muscle
Neurotransmitter  Chemical released by
nerve upon arrival of
nerve impulse in the axon
terminal
 Acetylcholine (ACh) is the
neurotransmitter that
stimulates skeletal muscle
Synaptic Cleft  Gap between nerve and
muscle filled with
interstitial fluid
 Although very close, the
nerve and muscle do not
make contact
Action Potential  the process when a
neuron sends information
down an axon towards
the axon terminal of the
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motor neuron of skeletal
muscle
PROCESS OF ACTION POTENTIAL
[1] OPENING OF CA2= CHANNELS
Calcium channels open, and calcium ions
enter the axon terminal.
[2] RELEASE OF ACh
Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic
vesicles to release acetylcholine (ACh).
[3] DIFFUSION OF Ach
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and
attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma of
the muscle cell.
[4] DEPOLARIZATION
If enough ACh is released, the sarcolemma
becomes temporarily more permeable to
sodium ions (Na+)
 Potassium ions (K+) diffuse out of the
cell
 More sodium ions enter than
potassium ions leave
 Establishes an imbalance in which
interior has more positive ions
(depolarization), thereby opening
more Na+ channels
[5] CONTINUOUS DEPOLARIZATION (Na in, K
out)
Depolarization opens more sodium
channels that allow sodium ions to enter the
cell (slightly positive)
 An action potential is created
 Once begun, the action potential is
unstoppable
 Conducts the electrical impulse from
one end of the cell to the other
[6] ENDING DEPOLARIZATION
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down
acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
 AChE ends muscle contraction
 A single nerve impulse produces only
one contraction
[7] REPOLARIZATION
Cell returns to its resting state when:
1. Potassium ions (K+) diffuse out of the cell
2. Sodium-potassium pump moves sodium
and potassium ions back to their original
positions
8. CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (WHOLE)
 Muscle fiber contraction is “all-or-none”
meaning it will contract to its fullest when
stimulated adequately
 Within a whole skeletal muscle,
not all fibers may be stimulated
during the same interval
 Different combinations of muscle
fiber contractions may give
differing responses
 Graded responses—different
degrees of skeletal muscle
shortening
 Graded responses (contraction of skeletal
muscles as a whole) can be produced in
two ways:
 1. By changing the frequency of
muscle stimulation
 2. By changing the number of
muscle cells being stimulated at
one time
 Muscle responds to increasingly rapid
stimulation
 Muscle twitch
- Single, brief, jerky contraction
- Not a normal muscle function
 In most types of muscle activity,
nerve impulses are delivered at a
rapid rate
 As a result, contractions are
“summed” (added) together, and
one contraction is immediately
followed by another
 When stimulations become more
frequent, muscle contractions get
stronger and smoother
 The muscle now exhibits unfused
(incomplete) tetanus
 Fused (complete) tetanus is
achieved when the muscle is
stimulated so rapidly that no
evidence of relaxation is seen
 Contractions are smooth and
sustained
 Muscle response to stronger stimuli
 Muscle force depends upon the
number of fibers stimulated
 Contraction of more fibers results
in greater muscle tension
When all motor units are active
and stimulated, the muscle
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contraction is as strong Example:
pushing your palms together in
front of you as it can get
 Muscles obtain energy in the form of ATP
 ATP is the only energy source that
can be used to directly power
muscle contraction
 Stored in muscle fibers in small
amounts that are quickly used up
 After this initial time, other
pathways must be utilized to
produce ATP
 Three pathways to regenerate ATP
 ADP PHOSPHORYLATION by
creatine phosphate (FASTEST)
 Muscle cells store CP, a high-
energy molecule
 After ATP is depleted, ADP
remains
 CP transfers a phosphate
group to ADP to regenerate
ATP
 CP supplies are exhausted in
less than 15 seconds
 1 ATP is produced per CP
molecule
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION (SLOWER)
 Supplies ATP at rest and during
light/moderate exercise
 A series of metabolic
pathways, called oxidative
phosphorylation, use oxygen
and occur in the mitochondria
 Glucose is broken down to
carbon dioxide and water,
releasing energy (about 32
ATP)
 This is a slower reaction that
requires continuous delivery of
oxygen and nutrients
 ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS AND
LACTIC ACID FORMATION
 Reaction that breaks down
glucose without oxygen
 Glucose is broken down to
pyruvic acid to produce about
2 ATP
 Pyruvic acid is converted to
lactic acid, which causes
muscle soreness
 This reaction is not as efficient,
but it is fast
 Huge amounts of glucose are
needed
 If muscle activity is strenuous and
prolonged, muscle fatigue occurs.
Suspected factors that contribute to muscle
fatigue include:
 Ion imbalances (Ca2+, K+)
 Oxygen deficit and lactic acid
accumulation
 Decrease in energy (ATP) supply
 After exercise, the oxygen deficit is repaid
by rapid, deep breathing
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
Isotonic - Myofilaments are able to slide
Contraction past each other during
contractions
- The muscle shortens, and
movement occurs
Example: bending the knee; lifting
weights, smiling
Isometric - Muscle filaments are trying to
Contraction slide, but the muscle is pitted
against an immovable object
- Tension increases, but muscles
do not shorten
Example: pushing palms against
each other
 Muscle tone
 the state of continuous partial
contractions
 Result of different motor units
being stimulated in a systematic
way
 Muscle remains firm, healthy, and
constantly ready for action
 Exercise increases muscle size, strength,
and endurance
 Aerobic (endurance) exercise
(biking, jogging) results in
stronger, more flexible muscles
with greater resistance to fatigue
 Makes body metabolism
more efficient
 Improves digestion,
coordination
 Resistance (isometric) exercise
(weight lifting) increases muscle
size and strength
 Individual muscle fibers
enlarge
9. TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENT
- Muscles are attached to no fewer than two points
 Origin: attachment to an immovable or
less movable bone (skeletal bone)
 Insertion: attachment to a movable bone
(tendon)
- When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves
toward the origin
- Body movement occurs when muscles contract
across joints
TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENT
Flexion - Decreases the angle of the
joint
- Brings two bones closer
together
- Typical of bending hinge
joints
(e.g., knee and elbow) or ball-
and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
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Extension - opposite of flexion
- increases angle between two
bones
- typical straightening of the
elbow or knee
Hyperextension - extension beyond 180
degrees
Rotation - movement of a bone around
its longitudinal axis
- common in ball-and-socket
joints
(e.g. moving the atlas around
the dens of axis; saying ‘no’)
Abduction - movement of a limb away
from midline
Adduction - opposite of abduction
- movement of a limb toward
the midline
Circumduction - Combination of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction
- Common in ball-and-socket
joints
- Proximal end of bone is
stationary, and distal end
moves in a circle
Dorsiflexion - lifting the foot so that the
superior surface approaches
the shin (toward the dorsum)
Plantar flexion - pointing the toes away from
the head
Inversion - turning sole of the foot
medially
Eversion - turning sole of foot laterally
Supination - forearm rotates laterally so
palm faces anteriorly
- raidus and ulna are parallel
Pronation - forearm rotates medially so
palm faces posteriorly
- radius and ulna cross each
other like an X
Opposition - moving the thumb to touch
the tips of the other fingers on
the same hand
(a) A muscle (Pectoralis major) that crosses on the
anterior side of a joint produces flexion.
(b) A muscle (Latissimus dorsi) that crosses on the
posterior side of a joint produces extension.
(c) A muscle (Deltoid) that crosses on the lateral side
of a joint produces abduction.
(d) A muscle (Teres major) that crosses on the
medial side of a joint produces adduction.
11. NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscles are named on the basis of
several criteria
◦ By direction of muscle fibers
 Example: rectus
(straight)
◦ By relative size of the muscle
 Example: maximus
(largest)
◦ By location of the muscle
 Example: temporalis
(temporal bone)
◦ By number of origins
 Example: triceps (three
heads)
◦ By location of the muscle’s origin
and insertion
 Example: sterno (on the
sternum)
◦ By shape of the muscle
 Example: deltoid
(triangular)
◦ By action of the muscle
 Example: flexor and
extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Figure 6.15 Relationship of Fascicle Arrangement
to Muscle Structure

10. INTERACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN BODY

- Muscles can only pull as they contract—not push
- In general, groups of muscles that produce
opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a joint
- Skeletal muscles interact by the following muscle
actions:
 PRIME MOVER—muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
 ANTAGONIST—muscle that opposes or
reverses a prime mover
 SYNERGIST—muscle that aids a prime
mover in a movement or reduces
undesirable movements
 FIXATOR—specialized synergists that hold
a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime
mover

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Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Figure 6.17b Muscles of the anterior trunk,
(See Figure 6.22) (1 of 3) shoulder, and arm.

Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body

Figure 6.16 Superficial muscles of the head and
(See Figure 6.22) (3 of 3)
neck.

Table 6.3 Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Body Figure 6.20c Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the
(See Figure 6.22) (2 of 3) right side of the body.

Figure 6.17a Muscles of the anterior trunk,

shoulder, and arm.
Figure 6.20d Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the
right side of the body.

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Figure 6.21a Superficial muscles of the right leg. Figure 6.19 The fleshy deltoid muscle is a favored
site for administering intramuscular injections.

Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body

Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
(Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure
(Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure
6.23) (2 of 3)
6.23) (1 of 3)

Figure 6.18a Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk,

and arm (superficial) Table 6.4 Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Body
(Some Forearm Muscles Also Shown) (See Figure
6.23) (3 of 3)

Figure 6.18b Muscles of the posterior neck, trunk,

and arm (deep) Figure 6.20 Pelvic, hip, and thigh muscles of the
right side of the body.

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Figure 6.21b Superficial muscles of the right leg. Figure 6.23 Major superficial muscles of the
posterior surface of the body.

Figure 6.22 Major superficial muscles of the

anterior surface of the body.

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