ANAPHY:

TOPIC OUTLINE [3] CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

[1] SHORT OVERVIEW - An adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones which
[2] FUNCTIONS come in a variety of sizes and shapes.
[3] CLASSIFICATIONS - The bones are the primary skeletal structure that
[4] GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BONE supports muscles and gives shape to the body.
[5] MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE BONE
[6] BONE MARKINGS TWO (2) BASIC STRUCTURAL BONE TYPES
[7] DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON COMPACT 1. also called as “cortical bone“
[8] PROCESS OF BONE DEVELOPMENT BONES 2. dense, looks smooth and
[9] CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS homogenous; heavy, tough, and
compact in nature
[1] SHORT OVERVIEW 3. made up of osteons
- Skeleton comes from a Greek word meaning 4. surround the spongy bone; the
“dried-up body” outer layer of most bones;
- osseus or bone makes up the 80% of bones in the
- a beautifully formed and proportioned internal human skeleton
framework 5. presence of bone marrow
- strong yet light cavity in the center
- includes the bones of the skeleton, joints, 6. bone marrow stores fat
cartilages, and ligaments 7. It forms the shaft or diaphysis
- The joints give the axial and appendicular of long bones
skeletons (two divisions of the skeleton) its flexibility
and allow movement to occur. SPONGY 1. also known as “cancellous
BONES bone“ or “trabecular bone“
2. small needle-like pieces of
[2] FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM bone with lots of open space
[1] SUPPORT (sponge); light, spongy, and soft
- forms the internal framework that supports and in nature
anchors all soft organs. 3. made up of trabeculae
- bones are “steel girders” and “reinforced concrete” 4. surrounded by compact bones;
- The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the fills the inner layer of most
body trunk when we stand and the rib cage supports bones
the thoracic wall. 5. absence of bone marrow
cavity
[2] PROTECTION 6. Bone marrow produces red
- The arrangement of bones in the skeleton provides corpsuscles and white granular
protection for the internal organs. corpuscles
7. forms the ends or epiphysis of
[3] ALLOWS MOVEMENT long bones
- Skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons use
the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. - Compact and Spongy bones make up the long
bones in the body which are dense hard bones that
[4] STORAGE provide strength, structure and mobility.
- Bones serve as storehouse for imprortant minerals
and fats
a. Fat is stored in the internal cavities of
bones (bone marrow).
b. Calcium (in salt form) and Phosphorus is
deposited in the bones. Calcium (in ion form) are
present in the blood at all times. Hormones control
the movement of calcium to and from the bones and
blood accordinh to the needs of the body.

[5] BLOOD CELL FORMATION

- Red blood cells (RBCs), White blood cells (WBCs)
and platelets are formed in the red bone marrow of
spongy bones.
- Hematopoiesis is the formation and maturation of
blood cells. If hemocytoblasts (stem cells in the red
bone marrow) commits to become a
proerythroblast cell, then it will develop into a new
RBC.

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ANAPHY:

- mainly spongy with an outer

layer of compact bones like
short bones
- has a fairly complex shape
to protect internal organs

Example: the vertebrae

(which make up the spinal
column) and pelvic bones
(pubis, ilium, and ischium)

[4] GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BONE

- For the best visualization of all of the parts of the
bone, the structure of the bone under a gross
anatomy will be used.
- The long bone is composed of two parts: the
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES diaphysis and the epiphysis
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
LONG BONES - typically longer than they
are wide
- cylindrical in shape
- have a shaft with enlarge
ends
- functions as levers which
move when muscles contract

Example: all the bones of the

limbs (except the patella, the
wrist, and ankle bones)

arms (humerus, ulna, radius)

legs (femur, tibia, fibula)
fingers (metacarpals,
phalanges)
toes (metatarsals, phalanges)
FLAT BONES - thin, flattened, and usually
curved
- have two thin layers of
compact bone sandwiching a
layer of spongy bone between
them
- two principal function:
extensive protection or DIAPHYSIS
provision of broad surfaces - the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal
for muscular attachment and distal ends of the bone
- makes up most of the bone’s length; its walls are
Example: bones of the skull composed of compact bones
(cranium), the ribs, the ilium - It is covered and protected by the periosteum.
(pelvis) and the sternum
SHORT BONES - generally cube-shaped and EPIPHYSIS (pl. = epiphyses)
contain mostly spongy bone - the wider section at each end of the bone
with an outer layer of - filled mostly with spongy bone, enclosed by a thin
compact bone layer of compact bone
- A sesamoid bone is a special - It is covered and protected by the articular
type of short bone which form cartilage.
within tendons. The patella is - The epiphysis meets other bones to form joints.
the best-known example.
METAPHYSIS (pl. = metaphyses)
Example: bones of the wrist - the narrow area between the diaphysis and
(carpal) and ankle (talus) epiphysis which contains the epiphyseal plate (and
IRREGULAR - bones that are neither flat, line, in adult bones)
BONES short nor long

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ANAPHY:
MEDULLARY CAVITY
- the hollow region in the diaphysis containing the
endosteum
- the storage area for red marrow which produces
blood cells
- Children’s bones contain red marrow until the age
of 6 or 7, when it is gradually replaced by the “yellow
marrow” that stores adipose (fat) tissue.
PERIOSTEUM
- peri means “around” or “surrounding”
- a fibrous connective tissue membrance that covers
the entire outer surface of the bone (except the
epiphysis)
- Hundreds of perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers
secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
- contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels that nourish compact bone.
- Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the
periosteum.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- a glassy hylaine cartilage that provides a smooth
surface on the epiphysis that decreases friction at
the join when covered by a lubricating fluid
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
- also called a “growth plate”
- a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone that causes the lengthwise growth of a
long bone
- By the end of puberty, these plates will be replaced
by the epiphyseal lines to mark their previous
location
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
- a remnant of the epiphyseal plate found in adult
bones characterized by a thin line of bony (osseus)
tissue in the area of epiphysis
ENDOSTEUM
- end means “inside”; oste means “bone”
- a delicate connective tissue of the medullary cavity
where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur
[5] MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE BONE
OSTEON (or Haversian system)
- the basic microscopic, structural and functional
unit of bone
- roughly cylindrical structures that can measure
several millimeters long and around 0.2 mm in
diameter.
- consists of a central (Haversian) canal and matrix
rings or lacunae
LAMELLAE
- a compact and circular bone tissue that surround
a central canal (Haversian canal),
- a series of lamella form the lacunae
LACUNAE
- are tiny cavities of the bone matrix (osteon) where
osteocytes or mature bone cells are found
- lacunae + central canal= osteon
- arranged in concentric circles of lamellae around
the central canal (also called as Haversian canal)
CENTRAL (HAVERSIAN) CANAL
- contains the bone’s blood supplies and nerves
- runs lengthwise
CANALICULI
- tiny canals that radiate outward from the central
atom to all lacunae
- It forms a transportation system that connects all
bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal
services through the hard bone matrix
- responsible for bone nourishment
PERFORATING (VOLKMANN’S) CANAL
- a canal that run in the compact bone at right
angles to the diaphysis and central canal (T-shaped)
- completes the communication pathway from the
outside of the bone to its interior (and the central
canal)
[6] BONE MARKINGS
- bone surfaces are not smooth but scarred with
bumps, holes, and ridges.
- These bone markings reveal where muscles,
tendons, and ligaments attach and where blood
vessels and nerves pass.
TWO (2) CATEGORIES OF BONE MARKINGS
PROJECTIONS/ - markings that grow out
PROCESSES from the bone surface
DEPRESSIONS/ - indentations in the bone
CAVITIES
All the terms beginning with T are projections, and
the terms beginning with F (except facet) are
depressions.
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ANAPHY:
BONE MARKINGS
TUBEROSITY - large, rounded
MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT
projection, may be
roughened (e.g.
ischium)
PROJECTIONS / PROCESSES FOR
CREST - narrow ridge of
bone; usually
prominent (e.g. upper
border of hip bone)
PROCESS - a marked
prominence
(e.g. olecranon of the
ulna)
SPINE - a sharp projection
(e.g. spines of
vertebrae)
CONDYLE - rounded projection
for articulation with
another bone (e.g.
PROJECTIONS / PROCESSES THAT
lower end of femur)
HEAD - an expanded end
beyond a constricted
HELP TO FORM JOINTS
portion called neck
(e.g.)
TROCHANTER - a very large process
(e.g. upper end of
femur)
TUBERCLE - a small rounded
process (e.g. deltoid
tubercle of humerus)
FORAMEN - a hole in bone
(e.g. foramen
magnum in occipital
lobe)
FOSSA - a shallow or hollow
depression (e.g.
mandibular fossa of
temporal bone)
GROOVE - a long shallow
DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS
depression (e.g.
anterior surface of
humerus)
SINUS - air cavity in a bone
(e.g. maxilla)
MEATUS - tube-shaped
opening in a bone (e.g.
external auditory
meatus into tympanic
membrane)
[7] DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
AXIAL - The bones that form the
SKELETON vertical and central axis of the
body.
- consists of 80 bones
- has 3 parts: Skull, Vertebral
Column and Thorax
APPENDICULAR The bones of the limbs and
SKELETON girdles that attach them to the
axial skeleton; all bones of the
upper and lower limbs,
- 126 bones
A. Axial Skeleton
SKULL
- formed by 22 bones (8 cranial flat bones and 14
facial bones) Also found in the head are 3 small
bones in the middle ear of each side and 1 hyoid
bone
A1. Cranium (8)
- Cranial bones form the braincase (lined with
meninges) that encloses and protects the brain,
eyes, and ears
LIST OF CRANIAL BONES
[1] Frontal bone (1)
- forms the forehead and the anterior top
of the skull (upper front)
[2-3] Parietal bone (2)
- parietal means “wall”; forms the
posterior top (upper back) and much of
the side walls of the skull
[4-5] Temporal bone (2)
- below the parietal bone; found on the
lower side
- each contains an external auditory
meatus (ear canal), a middle ear cavity,
and an inner ear labyringth
[6] Occipital bone (1)
- forms the lower, posterior part of the
braincase; at the lower back
- contains the foramen magnum, a
large opening for the spinal cord, and the
two condyles (rounded projections) on
either side articulate with the atlas, the
first cervical vertebra.
[7] Sphenoid bone (1)
- shaped like a bat
- its greater wing is visible on the side of
the skull between the frontal and
temporal bones
- the body of the bat has a depression
called the sella turcica which encloses
the pituitary gland
[8] Ethmoid bone (1)
- has a vertical projection called the
crista galli or “rooster’s comb” that
anchors the cranial meninges
- the rest of the ethmoid bone forms the
roof and upper walls of the nasal
cavities, and the upper part of the nasal
septum.
- Perpendicular plate
- Middle Nasal Concha
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ANAPHY:

- articulates with the maxilla, fonrtal

bone and temporal bone
[7-8] Lacrimal bone (2)
- found at the medial side of each orbit
- the lacrimal canal contains the
lacrimal sac which is a passageway of
tears
[9-10] Nasal bone (2)
- forms the bridge of the nose where
they articulate with the frontal bone
(the rest of the nose is supported by
cartilage)
[11] Vomer bone (1)
- forms the lower part of the nasal
septum
- articulates with the ethmoid bone
[12-13] Inferior Conchae (2)
[14] Mandible (1)
- the “lower jaw”; movable
- forms a condyloid joint with each
temporal bone
- On either side of the vomer are the
conchae, six scrolllike bones that curl
SUTURES downward from the sides of the nasal
- immovable joints between cranial bones cavities; they help increase the surface
- they do not move, instead the term joint or area of the nasal mucosa.
articulation is used for any junction or seam of two Hyoid bone (1)
bones - supports the base of the tongue
- In a suture, the sawtooth or the serrated edges of
adjacent bones fit into each other. These interlocking PARANASAL SINUSES
projections prevent sliding or shifting of the bones if - air cavities located in the maxillae and frontal,
the skull is subjected to a blow or pressure. sphenoid, and ethmoid.
- As the name paranasal suggests, they open into the
LIST OF LARGE CRANIAL SUTURES nasal cavities and are lined with ciliated epithelium
[1] Coronal Suture - bw the frontal and continuous with the mucosa of the nasal cavities.
parietal bones - We are aware of our sinuses only when they
[2] Squamosal Suture - bw the parietal and become “stuffed up,” which means that the mucus
temporal bones they produce cannot drain into the nasal cavities.
[3] Lamboidal Suture - bw the occipital and (fever, cold, allergy)
parietal bones FUNCTION:
1. makes the skull lighter
[4] Sagittal Suture - bw two parietal bones
2. provide resonance for the voice
that articulate along the midline of the top
of the skull
The FORAMEN MAGNUM (Latin: great hole) is a
large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of
A2. Facial bones (14)
the skull. It is one of the several oval or circular
LIST OF FACIAL BONES
openings (foramina) in the base of the skull.
[1-2] Maxillary bone (2)
 The spinal cord, an extension of
- the “upper jaw”
the medulla oblongata, passes through the
- immovable
foramen magnum as it exits the cranial
- form the anterior portion of the hard
cavity.
palate (roof of the mouth)
- sockets for the roots of the teeth are
A3. Auditory Ossicles- three small bones that
found here (also in the mandible for
transmit sound vibrations through the middle ear
lower teeth)
LIST OF BONES IN EACH MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
[3-4] Palatine bone (2)
[1] Malleus or Hammer
- the posterior portion of the hard
[2] Incus or Anvil
palate (roof of the mouth)
- found at the back of the maxillary or [3] Stapes or Stirrup
upper jaw
[5-6] Zygomatic bone (2)
- forms the pont of the cheek; “cheek
bone”

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ANAPHY:
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
- the central axis of the skeleton in all vertebrates
- provides attachments to muscles, supports the
trunk, protects the spinal cord and nerve roots in the
vertebral canal
- extends from the skull which it supports to the
pelvis, transmitting the weight of the body to the
lower limbs
- The normal spine in anatomic position has four
natural curves that center the skull over the rest of
the body, which enables a person to easily walk
upright.
 cervical curve (forward to anterior)
 thoracic curve (backward to posterior)
 lumbar curve (forward to anterior)
 sacral curve (backward to posterior)
- The vertebral column consists of 24 bones
connected by ligaments, each called a vertebra,
plus the sacrum and coccyx
LIST OF VERTEBRAL BONES
[1-7] 7 CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (C1-C7)
- those within the neck
- Atlas is the first vertebra (C1) which
forms joint with the occipital bone to
support the skull and a pivot joint with
the odontoid process of the axis (C2)
[8-19] 12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE (T1-T12)
- form joints with the ribs posterior to the
trunk
[20- 5 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
24] - the largest and strongest bone of the
spine
SACRUM (1)
- fushion of 5 vertebrae
- permits the articulation (formation of
joints) of the two hip bones: the
sacroiliac joints
COCCYX (1)
- formed from the fusion of 3-5 small,
irregularly shaped vertebrae
- the human “tailbone”, a remnant of the
tail that other vertebrae animals have
- some muscles of the perineum (pelvic
floor) is attached to it
(picture)
The spinous and transverse process are projections
for the attachment of the muscles that bend the
vertebral column.
(picture)
The supporting part of a vertebra is its body; the
bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated by discs
of fibrous cartilage.
These disc cushion and absorb shock and permit
some movement between vertebrae (symphysis
joints). Since there are so many joints, the backbone
as a whole is quite flexible.
(picture)
THORAX
- the “thoracic cage”
- it forms a protective, cone-shaped cage of slender
bones around the organs of the thoracic cavity
- supports upper trunk, shoulder girdle and upper
extremities
- includes 12 pairs of ribs (24 bones) and the sternum
LIST OF THORACIC BONES
[1] 1st to 7th ribs - TRUE RIBS (attached directly
to the sternum by coastal cartilages)
8th to 12th ribs - FALSE RIBS (not attached
directly to sternum; 11th and 12th pair as
floating ribs)
[2] Sternum
Manubrium
Xiphoid Process
Coastal Cartilages
B. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
- bones of the limbs (appendages) & the pectoral
and pelvic girdles which attach the limbs to the axial
skeleton
BONES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
[1] Clavicle or Collarbone
[2] Scapulae or Shoulder blades/Wings
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ANAPHY:

BONES OF THE UPPER LIMBS

[1] ARMS
a. Humerus
[2] FOREARM
a. Radius
b. Ulna
[3] HAND
a. 8 pairs (16) of carpals or wrist bones
1. Hamate
2. Pisiform
3. Trapezium
4. Triquetral
5. Lunate
6. Scaphoid The pelvic girdle is composed of 2 hip/coxal bones.
7. Trapezoid Each hip bone consists of ilium, ischium and pubis.
8. Capitate These three fuse at the deep socket called
b. 5 pairs (10) of metacarpals acetabulum that receives the head of the thigh
c. 14 pairs (28) of phalanges (fingers) bone.
1. Proximal - nearest to metacarpal
2. Middle - bw proximal and distal BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
phalanges, 4 only except the thumb [1] THIGH
3. Distal - farthest to metacarpal a. Femur (2)
[2] LEG
Note: The thumb is made of proximal and a. Tibia (2)
distal phalanges only b. Fibula (2)
[3] KNEE
a. Patella (2)
[4] FOOT
a. Tarsals / Ankles (7 pairs - 14)
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5. Medial Cuneiform
6. Intermediate Cuneiform
7. Lateral Cuneiform
b. Metatarsals / Instep (5 pairs - 10)
c. Phalanges / Toes (14 pairs - 28)

BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE

[1] Ilium- a large flaring bone that forms most
of the hip bone
[2] Ischium- a “sit-down” bone
[3] Pubis- most anterior part of a coxae

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ANAPHY:
[8] PROCESS OF BONE DEVELOPMENT
During embryonic development, the skeleton
(especially the cranial and facial bone) is first made
of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue, which are
gradually replaced by bone.
OSTEOBLASTS
- a blast cell is a “growing” or “producing” cell; osteo
means “bone”
- cells that produce bone matrix which will replace
the original cartilage
KEY: Osteoblasts produce bone matrix in the center
of the diaphyses of the long bones and in the center
of short, flat, and irregular bones.
OSSIFICATION
- the process of the production of bone matrix
(infant to adult bones)
- begins at the center of each bone
- At birth, ossification is not yet complete and
continues throughout childhood.
TWO (2) TYPES OF OSSIFICATION
- occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce
bone in connective tissue membranes
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
inside
- occurs primarily in the bones of the skull
PROCESS:
(1) osteoblasts line up on the surface of the
connective tissue fibers
(2) bone matrix began to deposit to form
trabeculae
(3) The trabeculae radiate out from the
center & is replaced finally by compact bone
PROCESS:
(1) the cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
ENDOCHRANAL
increase in number & hyperthrophy
(enlarge)
(2) cartilage matrix calcifies; blood vessels
accumulate
(3) osteoblasts are formed then begin to
form trabeculae (spongy matrix of the
bone) before it becomes a compact bone
From each center of ossification, bone growth
radiates outward while calcium salts are deposited
in the collagen of the model of the bone.
The rest of the embryonic skeleton is first made of
cartilage, and ossification begins in the third month
of gestation in the long bones.
 Fibroblasts (spindle-shaped connective
tissue cells) at this stage become more
specialized and differentiate into
osteoblasts, which produce bone matrix
FONTANELS
- areas of fibrous connective tissue remaining
between the bones of the skull
- referred to as “soft spots”.
 permit compression of the baby’s head
during birth without breaking the still thin
cranial bones.
 permit the growth of the brain after birth.
- By the age of 2 years, all the fontanels have
become ossified, and the skull becomes a more
effective protective covering for the brain.
The long bones also develop centers of ossification in
their epiphysis.
 In long bones, growth occurs in the
epiphyseal discs at the junction of the
diaphysis with each epiphysis. An
epiphyseal disc is still cartilage, and the
bone grows in length as more cartilage is
produced on the epiphysis side.
On the diaphysis side, osteoblasts produce bone
matrix to replace the cartilage.
 Between the ages of 16 and 25 years
(influenced by estrogen or testosterone), all
of the cartilage of the epiphyseal discs is
replaced by bone.
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ANAPHY:

 This is called closure of the epiphyseal discs Ball and socket - - scapula and
(or we say the discs are closed), and the movement in all humerus; pelvic
bone lengthening process stops. planes bone and femur
Hinge - movement in - humerus and
OSTEOCLASTS one plane ulna; femur and
- specialized cells which are able to dissolve, destroy tibia; between
and reabsorb the mineral of the mineral matrix phalanges
through a process called resorption. Condyloid - - temporal bone
- very active in embryonic long bones, and they movement in one and mandible
reabsorb bone matrix in the center of the diaphysis plane with some
to form the marrow canal. lateral movement
 Blood vessels grow into the marrow canals Pivot - rotation - atlas and axis;
of embryonic long bones, and red bone radius and ulna
marrow is established. Gliding - side-to-side - between carpals
 After birth, the red bone marrow is movement
replaced by yellow bone marrow. Red bone Saddle - movement in - carpometacarpal
marrow remains in the spongy bone of several planes of thumb
short, flat, and irregular bones.
b. Based on structure/ the major connective
OSTEOPOROSIS: A BONE DISEASE tissue type that bind the bone together
- characterized by excessive loss of calcium from [1] FIBROUS JOINT
bones without sufficient replacement. - consist of two bones that are united by
 Bone is an active tissue. Calcium is fibrous tissues that exhibit little or no
constantly being removed to maintain movement
normal blood calcium levels. Usually, Example:
calcium is replaced in bones at a rate equal a. Sutures in skull
to its removal, and the bone matrix b. Syndesmoses - bones separated by some
remains strong. distance and are held together by ligaments
- It is most common among elderly women, because (e.g. radius & ulna; tibia & fibula)
estrogen secretion decreases sharply at menopause c. Gomphoses - pegs fitted into sockets &
- In older men, testosterone is still secreted in held in place by ligaments (e.g. between
significant amounts. tooth and socket)
- Factors such as bed rest or inability to get even [2] CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
minimal exercise will make calcium loss even more - unite two bones by means of cartilage
rapid. - with slight movement
- As bones lose calcium and become thin and Example:
brittle, fractures are much more likely to occur. a. Costal cartilages between ribs and
sternum
b. discs between vertebral bones
[3] SYNOVIAL JOINT
[9] WHAT IS A JOINT?
- freely movable joints that contain synovial
- A joint is where two bones meet, or articulate.
fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of
articulating bones
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Example:
a. Diarthroses or freely movable joints
a. Based on the amount of movement possible
[1] SYNARTHROSIS (Immovable)
Type and Description Examples
Suture- fibrous - between cranial
connective tissue bones; between
between bone facial bones
surfaces
[2] AMPHIARTHROSIS (Slightly movable)
Type and Description Examples
Symphysis- disc of - between
fibrous cartilage bw vertebrae;
bones between pubic
bones
[3] DIARTHROSIS (Freely movable)
Type and Description Examples

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ANAPHY:

PARTS OF A TYPICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT

Articular Cartilage- on the joint surface of each

bone which provides a smooth surface.

Joint Capsule- made of fibrous connective tissue,

encloses the joint in a strong sheath, like a sleeve.

Synovial fluid- lines the joint capsule; secrets

synovial fluid into the joint cavity.
- It is thick and slippery and prevents friction as the
bones move.

Bursae (or bursas)- small sacs of synovial fluid

between the joint and the tendons that cross over
the joint.
- Bursae permit the tendons to slide easily as the
bones are moved.
- If a joint is used excessively, the bursae may
become inflamed and painful; this condition is called
bursitis.

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