Assessing Musculoskeletal System the pelvic girdle, which attach the

upper and lower limbs to the

body, respectively.
OUTLINE
Osteoblasts
I. The Musculoskeletal System
- The cells that form new bone.
A. Bones
- They also come from the bone
- Axial
marrow and are related to
- Appendicular
structural cells.
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts Osteoclasts
- Red marrow
- Specialized cell that absorbs and
- Yellow marrow
removes bone, allowing for the
- Short bone
development of new bone and
- Flat bone
maintenance of bone strength.
- Long bone
- Irregular bone Red marrow
B. Muscles
- Skeletal - Contains blood stem cells that
- Smooth can become red blood cells,
- Cardiac white blood cells, or platelets.
C. Joints Yellow marrow
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous - Made mostly of fat.
- Synovial - Store fat and produce red blood
cells during life-threatening
situations.
The Musculoskeletal System
Short bone
Bones
- Cube-like in shape, being
Axial approximately equal in length,
- The axial skeleton includes all the width, and thickness. 
bones along the body's long axis. - Carpals of the wrists and the
tarsals of the ankles.
- Made up of the 80 bones within
- Provide stability and support as
the central core of your body.
well as some limited motion.
Appendicular
Flat bone
- Composed of the bones of the
- Made up of a layer of spongy
upper limbs (which function to
bone between two thin layers of
grasp and manipulate objects)
compact bone. They have a flat
and the lower limbs (which permit
shape, not rounded.
locomotion). It also includes the
pectoral (or shoulder) girdle and
 - Serve as points of attachment for fibrous connective tissue, and
muscles and often protect internal thus the bones do not have a joint
organs. cavity between them
- Three types of fibrous joints:
Long bone
o Suture - narrow
- Cylindrical in shape, being longer fibrous joint found
than it is wide. between most
- Found in the arms (humerus, bones of the skull.
ulna, radius) and legs (femur, o Syndesmoses -
tibia, fibula), as well as in the bones are more
fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) widely separated
and toes (metatarsals, but are held
phalanges). together by a
- Function as levers; they move narrow band of
when muscles contract. fibrous connective
tissue called
Irregular bone
a ligament or a
- Does not have any easily wide sheet of
characterized shape and connective tissue
therefore does not fit any other called an
classification.  interosseous
- These bones tend to have more membrane; found
complex shapes, like the between the shaft
vertebrae that support the spinal regions of the long
cord and protect it from bones in the
compressive forces. forearm and in the
leg.
Muscles
o Gomphoses -
Skeletal narrow fibrous joint
between the roots
- Voluntary (striated muscle)
of a tooth and the
Smooth bony socket in the
jaw into which the
- Involuntary tooth fits.
Cardiac Cartilaginous
- Involuntary (striated muscle) - Slightly immovable
Joints - The adjacent bones are united by
cartilage, a tough but flexible type
Fibrous of connective tissue.
- Immovable - These types of joints lack a joint
- The adjacent bones are directly cavity and involve bones that are
connected to each other by
 joined together by either hyaline
cartilage or fibrocartilage
- Two types of cartilaginous joints:
o Synchondrosis - a
cartilaginous joint where
the bones are joined by
hyaline cartilage. Also
classified as a
synchondrosis are places
where bone is united to a
cartilage structure, such as
between the anterior end
of a rib and the costal
cartilage of the thoracic
cage.
o Symphysis - bones that
are joined by fibrocartilage.
Synovial
- Freely movable joints
- Most common type of joint in the
body