ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 6 | Skeletal System

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONE SHORT
- Generally, cube-shaped and contain mostly of
SUPPORT spongy layer with an outer layer of compact bone.
- The “Steel girders” and “Reinforced concrete” of the - Bones of the wrists and ankles.
body SESAMOID BONES – Bones that form within tendons
- Form the internal framework that supports the body (special types of short bones)
and cradles its soft organs. IRREGULAR
- Does not have any easily characterized shape and
PROTECTION therefor does not fit any other classification.
- Bones protect soft body organs. Vertebra, Mandible, Temporal, zygomatic etc.
- Serves as a shield for the internal organs that include
the brain, spine, rib cage etc.
BONE STRUCTURE AND HISTOLOGY
ALLOW MOVEMENT
- Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons.
- Bones are used as levers to move the body and its
parts.

STORAGE
- Fat is stored in the Internal (marrow) cavities of the
bones.
- Serves as a storehouse for minerals; calcium and
phosphorus.

BLOOD CELL FORMATION

HEMATOPOIESIS – Blood Cell Formation
- Occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

LONG
- Mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bones
at the end,
- Provide strength, structure, and mobility.
Femur, Clavicle, Tibia etc.

FLAT
- Thin, Flattened and usually curved.
- They have two thin layers of compact bone
sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.
Skull, Ribs, Sternum etc.

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Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC

DIAPHYSIS TRABECULAE
- Covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue - Thin columns and plates of the bone that create a
membrane. spongy like structure in a cancellous bone.
EPIPHYSIS - Lots of “open” space filled by marrow, blood vessels,
- The end part of a long bone, initially growing and nerves.
separately from the shaft. OSTEOGENIC CELLS
METAPHYSIS - “OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS”.
- The region in a mature bone where diaphysis and - Stem cells in the bone and play a prodigal role in
epiphysis ae joined. bone repair and growth.
NUTRIENT ARTERIES – Main blood supply to the diaphysis, OSTEOBLAST
metaphysis, and bone marrow. - These are immature cells.
NUTRIENT FORAMEN – A hole where each enters a - Can synthesize and secrete bone matrix.
diaphysis of a bone. - Derived from osteoprogenitor cells.
PERIOSTEUM OSTEOCYTES
peri-around - These are mature bone cells.
- A fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the - Derived from osteoblasts.
diaphysis. (Not covered by articular cartilage). OSTEOCLAST
- Essential for bone growth in diameter. - These are cells that degrade bone to initiate normal
bone remodeling.
FIBROUS LAYER – dense, irregular connective tissue; - Mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by
containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves increasing their resorptive activity.
that pass through the bone. OSTEON
INNER OSTEOGENIC LAYER – Contains elastic fibers, blood - “Haversian system”
vessels and multiple bone cells. - A cylindrical structure found in a compact bone
SHARPEY’S FIBERS tissue.
- These are hundreds of connective tissue fibers also - It also helps in the repair and remodeling of bone
call perforating fibers tissue
EPIPHYSEAL LINE LACUNAE
- A thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that - This are placed between the lamellae and consists of
looks a bit different from the rest of the bone. a few oblong places.
- A remnant of the epiphyseal plate (a flat plate of - Housing the osteocytes in the bones.
hyaline cartilage) LAMELLAE
ENDOSTEUM - Has alignment of the collagen fibers and mineral
- The inner bony surface of the shaft that is covered by phase.
this delicate connective tissue. - Mature lamellar bone exists as;
CORTICAL (compact)
MEDULLARY TRABECULAR (cancellous. Spongy bone).
“Marrow Cavity”
- The space within the diaphysis which contains fatty CENTRAL CANALS
yellow marrow in adults. - These run lengthwise through the bony matrix.
Carry blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
PERFORATING CANALS
- “Volkmann canals”
These helps transport nutrients to the bone tissue and
supply blood from the periosteum to enter bone tissue.
CANALICULI
- A small canal or duct or passageway in the body
It is a small channel in ossified bone.
DEVELOPMENT AND BONE GROWTH
OSSIFICATION
- The process by which the bone forms osteogenesis.
- The 2 initial formation of bones in an embryo and
fetus (Intramembranous and Endochondral)
- Repair and remodel the bone throughout life.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
1. Development of the ossification center.
- Bone will develop, specific chemical messages cause
the cells of the mesenchyme to cluster together and
differentiate.
2. Calcification
- The secretion of extracellular matrix stops.
- Cells are now called osteocytes, lie in lacuna, and
extend their cytoplasmic processes.
- Calcium and other mineral salts are deposited, and
the extracellular matrix hardens or calcifies.
3. Formation of Trabeculae
- Trabeculae develops and forms the spongy bone
around the network of blood vessels in the tissue.
4. Development of the periosteum.
- The mesenchyme condenses at the periphery
(external boundary or surface) of the bone.
- Eventually, a thin layer of compact bone replaces the
surface layers of the spongy bone.
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ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
1. Development of the cartilage model
- Cells in the mesenchyme create the general shape of
the future bone.
- Develops into chondroblasts.
- Perichondrium is a covering that develops around the
cartilage model of hyaline.
2. Growth of the Cartilage model
- Chondroblasts are deeply buried in the cartilage
extracellular matrix.
- Cell division; Chondrocytes.
- Chondrocytes die; spaces by dead chondrocytes
merge into small cavities (lacunae)
3. Development of the primary ossification center.
- Primary Ossification proceeds inward.
- Stimulates osteoprogenitor cells in the
perichondrium.
- Perichondrium to bone; Periosteum.
4. Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity.
- Osteoclasts breakdown
- Creates the Medullary Cavity in the Diaphysis.
5. Development of the secondary ossification
center.
- Spongy bone remains in the interior of the epiphyses
(no medullary cavities are formed)
6. Formation of the Articular cartilage and
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
- Hyaline becomes Articular Cartilage
- Remains between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis.
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
AXIAL SKELETON AND COMPONENTS
- The Axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the
body.
- Divided into three parts: Skull, Vertebral column, and
the Thoracic cage.
SKULL
- All except one of the bones of the skull are joined
together by sutures. (Interlocking, immovable joints)
- Only the Mandible (Jawbone) is attached to the rest
of the skull by a freely movable joint.
CRANIUM
- Composed of eight large flat bones, except for the
paired bones (parietal and temporal)
FRONTAL BONE
- The frontal bone forms the forehead.
PARIETAL BONES
- The paired parietal bones form most of the superior
and lateral walls of the cranium.
- The sagittal suture is formed at the midline.
- The coronal suture is formed where the paired
parietal.
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TEMPORAL BONES
- These bones lie inferior to the parietal bones and join
them at the squamous sutures.
External Acoustic Meatus – A canal that leads to the
eardrum and the middle ear.
Styloid Process – A sharp needle-like projection, inferior
to the external auditory meatus.
Zygomatic process – A thin bridge of bone that joins with
the cheek bone.
Mastoid process – Full of air cavities (mastoid sinuses), a
rough projection posterior and inferior to the external
acoustic meatus.
Jugular Foramen – At the junction of the occipital and
temporal bones, it allows passage for the jugular veins,
the largest vein in the head, which drains blood from the
head.
OCCIPITAL BONE
- The most posterior bone of the cranium.
- Back wall of the skull.
SPHENOID BONE
- Butterfly-shaped sphenoid bone.
- A compound bone that forms the base of the
cranium.
SELLA TURCICA – Turk’s saddle
A small depression in the midline of the sphenoid.
Also forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland.
FORAMEN OVALE – A large opening in the line with the
posterior end of the Sella turcica that allows fibers of
cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve) to pass to the mandible.
ETHMOID BONE
- Very irregular shaped
- Lies anterior to the sphenoid.
- Forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
CRISTA GALLI – “cock’s comb”
The superior surface.
CRIBRIFORM PLATES – allows nerve fibers carrying
impulses from the olfactory (smell) receptors to the brain.
Adriel Vamos | BSN 1-F
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
FACIAL BONE - that does not articulate (from a joint) with any other
- Made up of 14 bones. bone.
12 are paired, only the mandible and vomer are single. - Suspended in the mid neck region above the larynx.
- Anchored by the ligaments to the styloid processes of
MAXILLAE the temporal bones.
- Maxillary bones fuse to form the upper jaw. - Horseshoe-shaped, with a body and 2 pairs of horns
- The maxillae carry the upper in the alveolar process. Serves as a movable base for the tongue.

PALATINE BONE
- These bones lie posterior to the palatine processes of
the maxillae.

ZYGOMATIC BONE
- Commonly known as the cheek bones.
- They form a good-sized portion of the lateral walls of
the orbits.

LACRIMAL BONE
- Fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial
wall of each orbit of the eye.

NASAL BONE
- Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the
nose.
- The lower part of the skeleton of the nose is made up
of hyaline cartilage.

VOMER BONE
- Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity.
- (Vomer-plow; bone’s shape).
- Forms the inferior part of the bony nasal septum.

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

- Thin and curved bones from the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity.

MANDIBLE
- Lower jaw
- Largest and strongest bone of the face.
- Joins the temporal bones on each side of the face.
Body – Horizontal part of the mandible.
Rami – Two upright bars of the bone
Sockets – The lower teeth lie in the alveoli.
HYOID BONE

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
COCCYX
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
Small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column
“tailbone”
- The spine is formed from 26 irregular bones
connected by ligaments.
- Before birth; 33 separate vertebral bones. THORACIC CAGE
CERVICAL – 7 vertebrae - A protective cage of the slender bones and cartilages
THORACIC – 12 vertebrae around the organs of the thoracic cavity.
LUMBAR – 5 vertebrae

STERNUM
- Breastbone.
- Typical flat bone.
- Fusion of three bones; Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid
process.
- Attached directly to the first seven pairs of ribs via
costal cartilages.
Bony Landmarks;
Jugular notch - (concave upper border of the
manubrium); level of the third thoracic vertebra.
Sternal Angle – Where the manubrium and body meet at
a slight angle; transverse ridge is formed at the level of
the second ribs.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Xiphisterna joint – The sternal body and xiphoid process
- Smallest and located in the neck region.
fuse; Lies at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebra.
Atlas – C1; Axis – C2

RIBS
THORACIC CAGE
- 12 pairs of ribs form the wall of the bony thorax.
- These join the 12 pairs of ribs.
- All the ribs articulate with the vertebral column.
True Ribs – The first 7 pairs attached directly to the
LUMBAR VERTERBRAE
sternum.
- Have a very sturdy structure.
False Ribs – The next 5 pairs, both indirectly attached and
- Weight-bearing
not attached ribs in the sternum.
Intercostal spaces – “spaces between the ribs”
SACRUM
Shield-shaped bony structure, located at the base of the
lumbar vertebrae.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Clavicle
- Collar bones; slender, double curved bones
- Each clavicle attaches to the manubrium of the
sternum medially (at the sternal end).
- Helps to form the shoulder joint.
Scapula
- Shoulder blades; “wings”
- Articulates with the humerus.
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Arm
- Formed by a single bone; humerus (a typical long
bone).
- The proximal end is a rounded head that fits into the
glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Anatomical neck – The slight constriction inferior to the
head.
Intertubercular Sulcus – Separates two bony projections,
anterolateral to the head.
Forearm
- The Radius and Ulna form the skeleton of the
forearm.
Radius – Lateral bone; located at the thumb side of the
forearm.
Ulna – Medial bone; located at the pinky side of the
forearm.
Trochlear notch – separates the anterior coronoid
process and the posterior olecranon.
Hand
- Consists of Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges.
Carpals – 8 carpal bones; arranged into two irregular
rows of 4 bones each. Bound together by ligaments
that restrict movement.
Carpus – “wrist”
Metacarpals – Bones inside the palm. From the
thumb side to the little finger. (1-5)
Phalanges – Bones of the finger;
- Each hand contains 14 phalanges.
3 each finger (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb
(proximal and distal).
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
- Formed by two coxal bones; Hip bone and Sacrum.
Pelvic girdle – (Coxal bone and Sacrum)
Pelvis – (Coxal bones, Sacrum, & Coccyx)
Hip Bone – formed by the fusion of three bones;
ILIUM
- connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac
joints; a large, flaring bone that forms most of the hip.
Iliac Crest – anatomical landmark for those who give
intramuscular injections. It ends anteriorly in anterior
superior iliac spine; posteriorly in the posterior superior
iliac spine.
ISHCIUM
“sit-down bone”. It forms the most inferior part of the
coxal bone.
PUBIS
- The most anterior and inferior part of the coxal bone.
Forms a bar of bone closing the obturator foramen (an
opening that allows blood and nerves to pass into the
anterior part of the thigh).
Acetabulum – Deep socket where ilium, ischium, and
pubis fuse. “Vinegar cup”.
PELVIS
False Pelvis
- Superior to the true pelvis; the area medial to the
flaring portions of the ilia.
True Pelvis
- Surrounded by one and lies inferior to the flaring
parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.
Male Pelvis
Pubic arch – less than 90
Narrower than the female pelvis
Female Pelvis
Pubic arch – More than 90
Larger and Wider; Have a rounder Pelvic Inlet
For easy delivery during Labor.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
Bones of the Lower Limbs
THIGH
Femur – The thigh bone; heaviest, strongest, and longest
bone in the body
LEG
- Connected along their length by an interosseous
membrane; Tibia and Fibula
Tibia
- Shinbone
- Larger and more medial.
Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses)
Patellar
- When bones are bound by tough fibrous tissue.
- Kneecap
Syndesmoses
- Ligament
Sutures
- Encloses the patella (sesamoid bone).
Gomphoses
- attaches to the tibial tuberosity, a roughened area on
the anterior tibial surface. Distally, a process called
Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)
the medial malleolus.
- When bones are joined by cartilage.
Fibula
Synchondroses – Has Hyaline Cartilage between
- Lies alongside the tibia laterally.
articulating bones.
- Forms joints both proximally and distally.
Symphyses – Pad or Disks of fibrocartilage that connects
No part informing both proximal and distal.
2 bones.
FOOT
- Composed of tarsals, metatarsals (5), and phalanges
Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)
(14).
- Joints which the articulating bone ends are
- It supports our body and serves as a propel our
separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
bodies forward.
Tarsus – Posterior half of the foot.
Structures of Synovial Joint.
2 largest tarsals –
“calcaneus” (heel bone) and
Articular (hyaline) Cartilage – Covers the ends of the
“talus” (ankle)
bones forming the joint.
Metatarsals – Form the sole.
Phalanges – Form the toe.
Articular Capsule – The joint enclosed by a sleeve or layer
of fibrous connective tissue; lined with the smooth
synovial membrane.

ARTICULAR SYSTEMS (Joints)

Joint Cavity – Articular capsule that encloses a cavity;
contains lubricating synovial fluid.
- Also called articulations.
- Sites where two or more bones meet.
Reinforcing Ligaments – The fibrous layer of the capsule
- Hold bones together; gives rigid skeleton mobility.
usually reinforced with ligaments.
Bursae – (Purses); flattened fibrous sacs lined
Synarthroses – Immovable
with the synovial membrane, these are common where
Amphiarthroses – Slightly movable
ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together.
Diarthroses - Freely movable

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS - Each articular surface has both convex
and concave areas like a saddle for a
horse.
SADDLE - Biaxial joints; allow essentially the
same movement of condylar joints.
Examples: Carpometacarpal joints of the
thumb.
- The Spherical head of one bone fits into
the round socket of another.
BALL-AND- - Multiaxial; allow movement in all axes,
SOCKET including rotation.
- The most freely synovial joints
Examples: Shoulders and Hips.

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
- Articular surfaces that are essentially
FLEXION - Decreases the angle of the joint.
flat; slight slipping or gliding
EXTENSION - Increases the angle of the joint
movements are allowed.
PLANE - Extension above the normal
- Movement of plane joints are nonaxial; HYPEREXTENSION
angle of the joint.
gliding back and forth does not involve
ABDUCTION - Away from the body
any rotation around any axis.
Example: Intercarpal joints of the wrist. ADDUCTION - Towards the body
- Cylindrical end of the bone that fits into CIRCUMDUCTION - Combination of all movements.
a through-shaped surface on another - A motion that turns the bone
ROTATION
bone. around its axis. (humerus).
HINGE - Angular movement is allowed in just SUPINATION - Rotate forward
one plane. PRONATION - Rotate backward
Examples: Elbow Joints, Ankle Joint, and - Backward bending of the hand
DORSIFLEXION
joints between the Phalanges of the Fingers. or foot.
- Rounded end of the bone that into a PLANTARFLEXION - Tiptoe or gas pedal
sleeve or ring of bone. INVERSION - Sole towards the median plane
- Nonaxial joints; can only turn around EVERSION - Sole away the median plane
PIVOT its long axis. ELEVATION - Moving/Going up
Examples: proximal radioulnar joint and DEPRESSION - Moving/Going down
the joints between the atlas and the dens of PROTRACTION - Moves anterolateral
the axis. - Moves back and towards the
RETRACTION
- “knucklelike” midline (posteromedial)
- Also called Condyloid or Ellipsoid. - Movement in an anterior
- Egg shaped articular surface of one PROTRUSION direction
bone that fits into an oval cavity in - Projecting forward
CONDYLAR another. - Movement in a posterior
- Allow the moving bone to travel 1; side RETRUSION direction
to side and 2; back and forth. But - Projecting backward
cannot rotate around its long axis. - (Lateral) to the side
EXCURSION
Examples: The wrist Joint - (Medial) to the middle

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System
- Fracture of the distal end of the
CLINICAL INTERESTS POTT Fibula, with serious injury of the
distal tibial articulation
BURSITIS - Fracture of the distal end of the
- Inflammation of the Bursae or Synovial membrane. Radius
COLLES
- The distal fragment is displaced
SPRAIN posteriorly.
- Excessive stretching or torn away from the bone of
the ligaments and tendons. BONE HEALING

ARTHRITIS
- 100 Different inflammatory or degenerative diseases
that damages joints.

OSTEO ARTHRITIS
- Most common form of Arthritis; Chronic degenerative
condition that typically affects the aged.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRISIS
- Chronic inflammatory disorder
- Autoimmune; immune system attacks healthy cells in
your body by mistake.
HEMATOMA FORMATION
- Blood vessels in the broken bone tear and
hemorrhage, resulting in the formation of clotted
TYPES OF FRACTURE
blood, or a hematoma, at the site of the fracture.

FIBROCARTILAGENOUS CALLUS FORMATION

- “Granulation tissue formation”
- Temporary formation of fibroblasts and
chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone
fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself.

BONY CALLUS FORMATION

- Replaces the blood clot that formed in the
OPEN - The broken ends of the bone inflammatory stage.
(compound) protrude through the skin. - Callus holds the bones together (weak); but after a
- Bone is splintered. few weeks the soft callus begins to harden.
COMMINUTED
- Broken into pieces
- Partial fracture: one side is broken, BONE REMODELING
GREENSTICK - The process of skeletal change; protects structural
and one side is bent.
OBLIQUE - When a bone is broken at an angle. integrity of the skeletal system.
- One end of the fractured bone is - Contributes to the calcium and phosphorus.
IMPACTED forcefully driven into the interior of - Reabsorption of old or damaged bone.
the other.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
LESSON 6 | Skeletal System

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