SKELETAL SYSTEM

WHAT IS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM? TYPES OF BONES: ACCORDING TO SHAPES

• The skeletal system consists of bones and soft connective
tissues. • LONG BONES
• Provides rigid framework to support and allow the body to move. -longer than the width
-usually in upper and lower appendages
- e.g. femur, tibia, humerus
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• SUPPORT STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
-the strong and rigid bones are able to bear the weight of the body.
• DIAPHYSIS
o Cartilage -elongated part of long bones
Covers the end parts of the bones. -the SHAFT or the BODY of long bones
Act as the SHOCK ABSORBER
• EPIPHYSIS
o Ligaments -HEAD of the long bones
Strong bands of connective tissues that connect bone-to- -the ENDS
bone. -covered by ARTICLUAR CARTILAGE
o Tendons • PERIOSTEUM
Connects muscles-to-bones. -the OUTER COVERING of long bones

• PROTECTION • ENDOSTEUM
-strong bones protect the organs that they surround -the INNER WALL that lines the marrow cavity
o Skull = Brain
o Rib cage = heart & lungs • MARROW/MEDULLARY CAVITY
o Vertebrae = Spinal Column -the HALLOW SPACE inside the bone that contains the
bone marrows which can be:
• MOVEMENT
-tendons, joints, and ligaments all work together to allow the ✓ Yellow Marrow- has fats
movement of the body. ✓ Red Marrow- has blood components

• STORAGE • NUTRIENT BLOOD VESSELS

-some important minerals n body, especially the blood, are stored
in the bones SUCH AS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE • SHORT BONES
-WIDTH = LENGTH
-it also stores EXTRA LIPIDS housed in the adipose tissue within -e.g. sesamoid like in patella in knee
the bone cavities that get released into the blood when in need of
energy.
• FLAT BONES
• BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION (HEMATOPOIESIS) -thin and flattened shape
-within the bone cavities are the red bone marrow that produces -provide strong barrier/protection for soft organs
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. -also serve as attachment to the muscles
- outer compact part (solid w/o spaces) + inner spongy part (liquid
in form that has spaces containing the marrows) + outer compact
THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX bone = SANDWICH OF BONES GANORN
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX is the main component of bones. -e.g. sternum, skull, scapula
• Provides the TOUGHNESS and ELASTICITY of the bones.
• Usually composed of collagen, ground substance, and other • IRREGULAR BONES
organic molecules and the following: -any bones that DO NOT FIT INTO ANY OF THE FIRST THREE
• Collagen CATEGORIES
Tough, rope-like protein -have specialized functions:

• Proteoglycans ✓ Provide protection while;

Attract and retain LARGE MOLECULES between ✓ Still allowing flexing and bending of certain body
polysaccharides. regions
-e.g. facial bones like MANDIBLE, vertebrae

VILLANUEVA, SHANE E. BSMT-1B BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 HISTOLOGY OF BONES 4. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification
• The Endosteum and Periosteum of long bones contain the occurs; epiphyses get centered in preparation for
following: stage 5.
5. Complete ossification of epiphyses; the hyaline
• Osteoblast cartilage remains only at the epiphyseal lines.
-the bone-forming cells 6. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the
-help in repair and remodeling of bones epiphyses.
7. The epiphyses will be filled with spongy bone.
• Osteoclast
-bone-destroying cells
-also help in bone repair by destroying existing bones in BONE AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
a process called BONE REABSORPTION • The 3 hormones that influence the homeostasis of bones and
calcium are:
• Osteocyte
-the main cells that produce both osteoblast & clast ✓ Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
-surrounded by matrix ✓ Vitamin D
✓ Calcitonin
• The following are the contents of bone that play a role in the
2 TYPES OF HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LONG
homeostasis:
BONES
Long bones may be categorized based on their structure as following: o Osteocytes- the mature cells; the maintainers
• COMPACT/CORTICAL BONES o Osteoblasts- the baby cells; the builders
-has more matrix and denser compared to spongy bones o Osteoclasts- the destroyers
-has fewer pores o Chondrocytes- the cartilage cells
-has predictable pattern of repeated units called OSTEONS.
These osteons have concentric rings of lamellae called the
CENTRAL/HAVERSIAN CANAL HIGH IN CALCIUM LOW IN CALCIUM

• SPONGY BONES ✓ OSTEOBLASTS will act. ✓ OSTEOCLASTS will act.

-very porous (many pores)
-located at the epiphyses (inner part of long bones) ✓ Will continuously form ✓ Will destroy bones to
-less bone matrix thus less dense than compact new bones to lower the release the calcium from
-has interconnected rods or plates that look like scaffolding called level of calcium. them.
TRABECULAE
✓ CALCITONIN lowers the ✓ PTH and VITAMIN D
calcium level of blood activate the osteoclasts
BONE OSSIFICATION
Bone ossification is the process of forming bones by Osteoblasts
(bone-forming cells). It may be through: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BONE ANATOMY
• A typical adult is said to have a total of 206 bones in their body.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS ENDOCHONDRAL • The number still varies per person.
✓ Formed bones originate ✓ The bones will begin as
directly from fibrous HYALINE CARTILAGE until ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR FEATURES OF THE BONES
membrane of it matures into a bone.
MESECHYME.
✓ Usually in bones of TERM DESCRIPTION
✓ Then Osteoblasts will skeleton. Body/Shaft The main portion
continue to be deposited Head Enlarged, often rounded
end of bones
✓ Usually in broad and flat Neck Constricted area between
bones like SKULL BONES
the shaft and head
except the mandible.
Condyle Smooth,
STAGES OF ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION rounded
articular
1. Formation of bone collar around the hyaline
surface
cartilage model.
Facet Small, flattened articular
2. Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the
surface
cartilage model.
3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud
and spongy bone formation. Crest Prominent/Highest ridge

VILLANUEVA, SHANE E. BSMT-1B BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 Process Prominent projection or THE AXIAL SKELETON
outgrowth of • Composed of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
tissue • Below are the parts of the axial skeleton:
(TULIS-
TULIS) 1. THE SKULL
• The skull is composed of the following bones:
✓ Cranial
Tuberosity Knob or enlargement
✓ Facial
✓ Mandible
Tubercle Small • Cranium
tuberosity -all bones of skull except the MANDIBLE
• Calvarium
Trochanter Large tuberosity found only -all bones of skull except FACIAL BONES
in proximal femur
Epicondyle Enlargement near or above a • THE 8 CRANIAL BONES:
condyle
Foramen Hole; usually for passage of BONE DESCRIPTION
blood vessels Parietal Forms the ROOF of
Canal/Meatus Tunnel; the skull kind of the
upper back part
somewhat like a
foramen BUT
the passageway PAIRED BONES Temporal Forms the SIDES of
has a wall (2) the skull
surrounding the meatus
Fissure Cleft Has The EXTERNAL
AUDITORY CANAL
Sinus Cavity
as its feature.
Fossa Concave Frontal Forms the
depression FOREHEAD
Occipital Forms the lower back
• Some things to remember: of head under the
parietal
o FORAMEN MAGNUM Sphenoid Has a bat/butterfly
-the biggest foramen in the skull shape with lesser and
-where spinal cord passes to connect with the vertebrae UNPAIRED
greater wings.
BONES (1)
o INFRAORBITAL CANAL Found between
-connects the foramen of cheek and eyes temporal and near the
foramen of eyes.
o TEMPORALIS FOSSA Ethmoid Part of nasal septum
-wide area of the lateral skull
• THE DIFFERENT SUTURES THAT JOIN THE CRANIAL
2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF SKELETON BONES:
AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR
SKELETON Squamous Suture Parietal + Temporal
✓ Bones in the middle part of ✓ Bones at the side of the Coronal Suture Anteriorly:
the body body Parietal + Frontal
Lambdoid Suture Posteriorly:
✓ Skull, vertebral column, ✓ Upper (arms) & lower (legs) Parietal + Occipital
and thoracic cage extremities
REMEMBER: These bones are not movable. These sutures keep
✓ 80 bones in total ✓ 126 bones in total the bones intact and are not supposed to move.

VILLANUEVA, SHANE E. BSMT-1B BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

• THE 14 FACIAL BONES: 2. VERTEBRAL/SPINAL COLUMN
• VC is a collection of irregular bones that protect the spinal column
BONE DESCRIPTION ❖ VERTEBRAE
Nasal Forms the bridge of The single bones that make up the VC
nose ❖ INVERTEBRAL DISC
-cartilaginous structure connects each vertebrae to one
Lacrimal MOST DELICATE at another
inner eyes • The VC is divided into:
✓ Cervical Vertebrae – neck (7)
Has butas where the ✓ Thoracic V. – upper trunk (12)
NASOLACRIMAL ✓ Lumbar V. – lower trunk (5)
DUCT go to release ✓ Sacral V. – pelvic area (5)
tears that came from ✓ Coccyx – tailbone
the LACRIMAL
PAIRED BONES GLAND. • Some info about VC bones
(2) ✓ The body of the bone is spongy
Also, TEAR LAKE is ✓ The spinal cord goes to the VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
the deepest part of ✓ Has transverse process
the eye.
Zygomatic/Malar Forms the ❖ CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
prominence of the -the only structure that has transverse foramen as
cheeks daluyan ng nerves
Inferior Nasal Lateral part of the -it is ATYPICAL meaning kakaiba itsura
Concha nasal cavity
Maxilla The upper jaw ▪ C1: ATLAS – flat bone na nakadikit sa base ng
Supports upper teeth skull
Vomer/Ploughshare Forms the lower part
of nose ▪ C2: AXIS – aka EPISTROPHEUS; Has
ODONTOID PROCESS
Mandible Strongest and
hardest bone in skull
UNPAIRED ▪ C7 – looks like a thoracic bone but the
BONES (1) The only movable transverse foramen maintains it as a cervical v.
joint in skull
Ossicles The smallest bones ▪ ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT – connects atlas and
in the body odontoid process allowing the left and right
movement of head
✓ Hammer/Malleus
✓ Anvil/Incus SACRUM
✓ Stirrup/Stapes
• Posterior part of the pelvic
Hyoid Bone located at base
of tongue.
3. RIBCAGE
Has • Composed of ribs and the sternum (breastbone)
body, • Has 12 divisions:
lesser and greater ➢ 1-7 TRUE RIBS – attached to the sternum
horns ➢ 8-12 FALSE RIBS – floating cartilages

VILLANUEVA, SHANE E. BSMT-1B BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

 LOWER EXTREMITIES
APPENDICULAR SKELEON • PELVIC GIRDLE
• Composed of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as -composed of
the pelvic girdle which connects the limbs to the axial skeleton. ✓ Ilium (biggest)
✓ Ischium (thickest)
UPPER EXTREMITIES ✓ Pubis (smallest)
• PECTORAL GIRDLE - These 3 fuse together during adulthood then now called
-attaches upper limbs/arms to the axial skeleton ACETABULUM
-composed of scapula and clavicle: - Has OBTURATOR FORAMEN, the biggest foramen in the
whoole body
✓ SCAPULA- triangular
3 PROCESSES 3 BORDERS 3 ANGLES • FEMUR
Acromion Superior Lateral -the longest and strongest bone in the body
Coracoid Medial Inferior -found in thigh
Spinus Lateral Superior
• LEG BONES
✓ CLAVICLE ✓ Tibia
-aka collar bone -aka shinbone
-STERNAL END- the end attached to sternum -thicker
-ACROMIAL END – the end attached to shoulder blade
✓ Fibula
-aka Peroneal bone
• HUMERUS -thinner
-aka arm bone
-the longest bone in upper limbs • TARSAL
-ankle bone
• FOREARM BONES
✓ Radius
-mas mataba; may flat head; lateral side (thumb)
-the one that crosses over in supination process
✓ Ulna
-medial side (pinky)
-has letter u at end

• CARPAL BONES
-has 8 bones of the WRIST
- So Long Top Part Here Comes The Thumb

• METATARSAL
-bones of foot
➢ POLLEX
-big finger thumb
➢ HALLUX
-big toe thumb

• METACARPALS
-bones of the PALMS

• PHALANGES
-bones of fingers
-aka MINIATURE LONG BONES
-14 phalanges in total, all has 3 (proximal, medial, distal) except sa
thumb na 2 lang (proximal and distal)

VILLANUEVA, SHANE E. BSMT-1B BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY