The SKELETAL

SYSTEM
Dr. Mona Liza N. Valencia, PTRP
Learning Objectives:
• Describe the functions and classifications of bones
• Discuss the different bone cells
• Differentiate the different divisions of adult skeleton.
• Identify the different classification of joints
• The word skeleton is derived from a Greek word, “SKELETOS”
that means “dried up body”.

• Bone tissue contains numerous cells known as osteocytes.

• These cells are embedded in a calcium impregnated

extracellular material known as “matrix”.
Functions of the Bones:
MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS:
• Rigid framework that supports the body
• Protect vulnerable internal organs
• Makes body movement possible

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION:
• Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones.
• Acts as storehouse for minerals
• Blood cell formation or hematopoiesis occurs
within the marrow cavities of certain bones.
 Classification of bones:
• Long Bones. A bone is classified as a LONG BONE when its length is
greater than its width. The most obvious long bones are in the arms
and legs (the longest is the femur or thighbone), but some are
relatively short, as in the fingers and toes. Long bones act as levers
that are pilled by contracting muscles. This lever action makes it
possible for the body to move.

• Short bones. Short bones are about equal in length, width and
thickness, but they are shaped irregularly. They occur only in the
wrists (carpal bones) and ankles (tarsal bones) where only limited
movement is required. Short bones are almost completely covered
with articular surfaces, where one bone moves against another in a
joint.
• Flat bones. These bones are actually in or curved more often than they are
flat. This includes the ribs, scapula, sternum and bones of the skull

• Irregular bones. Irregular bones do not fit neatly into any other category.
Examples are the vertebrae, may facial bones and the hip bones.

• Sesamoid Bones. Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within

certain tendons, fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones. Typical
sesamoid bones include the patella or kneecap which is within the tendon
of one of the thigh muscle, and the pisiform carpal bone which is within
the tendon of a wrist muscle.

• Accessory Bones. Accessory bones are most commonly found in the feet.
They usually occur when developing bones do not fuse completely.
Parts of a Long Bone:is

Metaphysis
QMPM,PTRP
 BONE
MARKINGS
C o m p ac t & Spon gy Bone Tissue
 Spongy/ Compact Bone
Cancellous bone

Porosity High (Low Low (High

mineral content mineral content and
and high collagen) low collagen)

Structure Honey comb Compact

Q M PM,PTRP
 Spongy/ Compact Bone
Cancellous bone
Charac- More Flexible Less Flexible
teristic Not as stress resistant Stiffer and can
resist greater
stress
Function Resist stress without Resist stress
breaking produced from
weight &
movement

Q M PM,PTRP
SPONGY BONE

COMPACT BONE
 Bone cells:
• 1. Osteogenic– are small, spindle shaped cells found mostly in the deepest layer of the
periosteum and in the endosteum.

• 2.Osteoblasts – synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance called OSTEOID.

They act as pump cells to move calcium and phosphate into and out of bone tissue.

• 3.Osteocytes – are the main cells of fully developed bones. They are derived from
osteoblasts that have secreted bone tissue around themselves.

• 4.Osteoclasts – are multinuclear giant cells that move about on bone surfaces, resorbing
(dissolving and assimilating) bone matrix from sites where it is either deteriorating or not
needed.

• 5.Bone lining cells – are found on the surface of most bones in the adult skeleton. These
cells are believed to be derived from osteoblasts that cease their physiological activity
and flatten out the bone surface.
DIVISION OF
ADULT SKELETON

• Axial (gray color)

= 80 bones
• Appendicular
(purple color)
= 126
JOINTS
• A joint or articulation, is the place where two adjacent bones
or cartilages meet, or where adjacent cartilages meet or
where adjacent cartilages or adjacent bones and cartilages
are joined.

• Most joints are movable and some are not.

 TYPES of JOINTS:
• Fibrous joints – lack a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue unites
the bones. Three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesmoses and
gomphoses.

• Cartilaginous joints – here the bones are united by a plate of hyaline

cartilage or a fibrous cartilaginous disk. These joints lack a joint cavity
and permit little or no movement. The two types of cartilaginous joints
are the synchondrosis and the symphysis.

• Synovial joints – Most of the permanent joints in the body are synovial.
Of all types of joints, synovial joints allow the greater range of
movement.
FIBROUS JOINTS

SUTURES

 Bones tightly bound

by minimal fiber

 Only found in skull

FIBROUS JOINTS
Syndesmoses
 Bones connected by
ligaments

 E.g. tibiofibular
ligament, interosseous
membrane of
radius/ulna
Fibrous joint

GOMPHOSES

 Peg in socket
joint

 Only found in
teeth/alveoli
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
SYNCHONDROSES

 Hyaline cartilage
unites bones
 Epiphyseal growth
plates
 Costal cartilage-
sternum
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
SYMPHYSIS

 Fibrocartilage
unites bones
 Pubic symphysis
 Intervertebral disc
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

1. HINGE JOINTS – roughly resemble the hinges of the lid of a box.

Hinge joints are found in the elbow, finger, knee and ankle.
2. PIVOT JOINT – is a uniaxial joint which is only able to rotate around
a central axis. The atlantoaxial joint is a pivot joint.
3. CONDYLOID JOINT- are modifications of the multiaxial ball-and-
socket joint. Examples of condyloid joints are the
metacarpophalangeal joints.
4. GLIDING JOINT – are almost always small and are formed by
essentially flat articular surfaces so that one bone slides on another
bone with a minimal axis of rotation.
• SADDLE JOINT – is so named because the opposing articular surfaces
of both bones are shaped like a saddle. An example is
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

• BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – are composed of a globelike head of one

bone that fits into a cuplike concavity of another bone.
Thank you!