•Dr.Ali albassam MBBS .MSc .

PhD
•3rd Lecture Outline: A First Look
at Anatomy
 Dr.ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PHD
3rd Lecture Outline: A First Look at
Anatomy 2
Basic Structures
Objectives of the lecture
• - Introduction to the bones
• - Types of joints

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Bone is a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the result of
stresses to which it is subjected. Like other tissue bone consists of cells,
fibers & intercellular matrix. It is hard because of the calcification of its
extracellular matrix& possesses a degree of elasticity because of the
presence of organic fibers

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Function of Bones
• Support – provides hard framework
• Protection of underlying organs
• Movement
• Mineral storage
• Blood-cell formation – bone contains
red marrow
Classification of Bones

• Long bones – humerus & femur

• Short bones – carpal bones
• Flat bones – sternum & scapula
• Irregular bones – vertebrae
• Sesamoid bones – patella
Classification of

The bone exists in two forms: a

compact & cancellous.
The compact bone appears as a
solid mass.
The cancellous bone consists of a
branching network of
trabeculae.The trabeculae are
arranged in such a manner as to
resists the stress & strains to which
the bone is exposed.
The bones can be classified as
follows based on their general
shape: Long bones,short
bones,Flat bones,irregular bones &
sesamoid bones 7
Classification of Bones

 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Classification of Bones

 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Classification of Bones

 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened
 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of Bones

 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Structure of a Typical Long Bone
• Diaphysis – “shaft or body ” of the
bone
• Epiphysis – ends of the bone
• Blood vessels – well vascularized
• Medullary or bone marorw cavity –
hollow cavity – filled with marrow
• Membranes – periosteum, Sharpey’s
fibers, and endosteum
Structure of Short, Irregular, Flat and Sesamoid
Bones
The Skeleton
• Consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments
• Composed of 207 named bones grouped into two divisions
• Axial skeleton (81 bones)
• Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Bony Markings
• Projections{ ‫زوائد‬.‫} بروز‬that provide attachment for
muscles and ligaments (tubercle{‫}حدبة‬, spine, process,
line, ridge…..)
• Projections that help form joints (condyle)
• Depressions (fossa, grove) and openings (foramen) for
passage of nerves and blood vessels
 Anatomical Terms Used to Describe Bone
Features
• Terms • Projections
• Body: main part • Process: prominent
• Head: enlarged end projection
• Neck: constriction • Tubercle: small rounded
between head and body bump
• Margin or border: edge • Tuberosity: knob
• Angle: bend • Trochanter: tuberosities
• Ramus: branch off body on proximal femur
• Condyle: smooth rounded • Epicondyle: near or above
articular surface condyle
• Facet: small flattened
articular surface
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 Anatomical Terms Used to Describe
Bone Features
• Ridges
• Depressions
• Line or linea: low ridge
• Fossa: general term for
• Crest or crista: prominent
a depression
ridge
• Notch: depression in
• Spine: very high ridge
bone margin
• Openings • Fovea: little pit
• Foramen: hole • Groove or sulcus:
• Canal or meatus: tunnel deeper, narrow
• Fissure: cleft depression
• Sinus or labyrinth: cavity

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7-21
 The Skeleton
Axial skeleton Appendicular
Skull Girdles Limbs
Hyoid Shoulder Pelvic Upper Lower
Vertebrae
Two hip Arm Thigh
Clavicle
Sternum bones humerus femur
Ribs
Forearm
Scapula radius patella
& ulna

Hand Leg
carpus
metacarpus tibia
phalanges & fibula
Foot
tarsus,
metatarsus
phalanges
 Joints
• Functional junctions between bones
• Classified according to the type of tissue that binds the
bones together.
• Joints (articulations) are unions or junctions between two or
more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton. Joints exhibit a
variety of forms and functions. Some joints have no
movement, such as the epiphysial plates between the
epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone; others allow
only slight movement, such as teeth within their sockets;
and some are freely movable, such as the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint.

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Fibrous Joints
• Tightly joined by a layer of fibrous connective tissue.
• Little or no movement occurs
• Examples:
• Suture between a pair of flat bones of the skull
• Distal ends of tibia and fibula

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The articulating bones of fibrous joints are united by fibrous tissue. The amount of
movement occurring at a fibrous joint depends in most cases on the length of the
fibers uniting the articulating bones. The sutures of the cranium are examples of
fibrous joints . These bones are held close together, either interlocking along a wavy
line or overlapping.
A syndesmosis type of fibrous joint unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue,
either a ligament or a fibrous membrane. Consequently, this type of joint is partially
movable.
The interosseous membrane in the forearm is a sheet of fibrous tissue that joins the
radius and ulna in a syndesmosis. A dento-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis or socket)
is a fibrous joint in which a peg-like process fits into a socket, forming an articulation
between the root of the tooth and the alveolar process of the jaw. Mobility of this
joint (a loose tooth) indicates a pathological state affecting the supporting tissues of
the tooth.

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Cartilaginous Joints
• A layer of cartilage joins bones
• Allow limited movement.
• Examples:
• Intervertebral disks, composed of fibrocartilage separate the
vertebrae of the vertebral column
• 1st rib and sternum
• Symphysis pubis

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The articulating structures of cartilaginous joints are united by hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage.
In primary cartilaginous joints, or synchondroses, the bones are united by hyaline
cartilage, which permits slight bending during early life. Primary cartilaginous joints
are usually temporary unions, such as those present during the development of a
long bone ,where the bony epiphysis and the shaft are joined by an epiphysial
plate. Primary cartilaginous joints permit growth in the length of a bone. When full
growth is achieved, the epiphysial plate converts to bone and the epiphyses fuse
with the diaphysis.
Secondary cartilaginous joints, or symphyses, are strong, slightly movable joints
united by fibrocartilage. The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs between the
vertebrae consist of binding connective tissue that joins the vertebrae together.
Cumulatively, these joints provide strength and shock absorption as well as
considerable flexibility to the vertebral column (spine).

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Synovial Joints
• Most joints with in the skeletal system
• Bones covered with hyaline cartilage and held together by a
fibrous joint capsule.

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The articulating bones of synovial joints are united by a joint (articular)
capsule (composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial
membrane) spanning and enclosing a joint or articular cavity. The joint
cavity of a synovial joint, like the knee, is a potential space that contains a
small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, secreted by the synovial
membrane. Inside the capsule, articular cartilage covers the articulating
surfaces of the bones; all other internal surfaces are covered by synovial
membrane.

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Synovial Joints
• Joint capsule consists of an outer layer of ligaments and an
inner lining of synovial membrane.
• Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which lubricates
joint

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Bursae
• Located between the skin and underlying bony prominences.
• Aid movement of tendons that pass over these bony parts or
over tendons
• Found in the elbow and knee

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Types of Synovial Joints
• Classified by:
• Shapes of their parts
• Movements they permit.

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Ball-and-Socket joint
• Ball-shaped head articulates with cup shaped cavity
• Allows wider range of motion than any other kind
• Movements in all planes as well as rotational movement
around central axis
• Examples: shoulder, hip

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Condyloid joint
• Oval-shaped bone fits into elliptical cavity
• Variety of movements in different planes, but not rotational
movement
• Examples: metacarpals and phalanges

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Hinge joint
• Convex surface fits into concave surface
• Permits movement in only one plane like a door hinge. Flexion
and extension
• Examples: elbows, and phalanges

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Pivot joint
• Cylindrical surface rotates with in ring of another bone and
fibrous tissue
• Rotation around a central axis
• Examples: joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna

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Saddle joint
• Bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and
convex regions. Complementary surfaces fit together.
• Permits a variety of movements
• Examples: carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

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Plane joints
permit gliding or sliding movements
in the plane of the articular
surfaces. The opposed surfaces of
the bones are flat or almost flat,
with movement limited by their tight
joint capsules. Plane joints are
numerous and are nearly always
small.
An example is the acromioclavicular
joint between
the acromion of the scapula and the
clavicle.

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Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape

Figure 5.29a–c

Slide 55
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape

Figure 5.29d–f

Slide 56
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 Synovial joints

Axial Plane

Acromioclavicular
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
joint

Pivot Condyloid Ball & socket

Metacarpo-
Radioulnar Shoulder
phalangeal

Hinge Saddle

Elbow Sterncostal

Elipsoid

Wrist 58
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Joint Movements
• Muscles fastened on either side of a joint produce
movement of synovial joints.

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Joint Movements
• When the muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end
(insertion) toward its fixed end (origin) and movement
occurs at the joint.

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Types of Joint Movements
• Rotation: Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head
from side to side)
• Circumduction: Moving a part so that its end follows a
circular path (moving a finger in a circular motion without
moving the hand)

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Types of Joint Movements
• Pronation: Turning the hand so that the palm is downward or
turning the foot so that the medial margin is lowered.
• Supination: Turning the hand so that the palm is upward or
turning the foot so that the medial margin is raised.

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Types of Joint Movements
• Eversion: Turning the foot so that the sole is outward
• Inversion: Turning the foot so that the sole is inward

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Types of Joint Movements
• Retraction: Moving a part backward (pulling the chin
backward)
• Protraction: Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin
forward)

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Types of Joint Movements
• Elevation: Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders)
• Depression: Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders)

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JOINT VASCULATURE AND INNERVATION
Joints receive blood from articular arteries that arise from the vessels
around the joint. The arteries often anastomose (communicate) to
form networks (periarticular arterial anastomoses) to ensure a blood
supply to and across the joint in the various positions assumed by the
joint.

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Joints have a rich nerve supply provided by articular nerves with sensory
nerve endings in the joint capsule. However, most articular nerves are
branches of nerves that supply the muscles that cross and therefore move
the joint. The Hilton law states that the nerves supplying a joint also supply
the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments.
Articular nerves transmit sensory impulses from the joint that contribute to
the sense of proprioception, which provides an awareness of movement and
position of the parts of the body. The synovial membrane is relatively
insensitive. Pain fibers are numerous in the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
and
the accessory ligaments, causing considerable pain when the joint is injured.
The sensory nerve endings respond to the twisting and stretching that occurs
during sports activities.

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Arthritis
• Disease that causes inflamed, swollen and painful joints
• More than 100 different types affect 50 million people in
the United States

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THE END

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