Assessment 3 weighting 25% April 12_2024

Job 2120 time 10h15 for 10h30

• Osteology • Describe
• scapula,
• discuss
• clavicle
• Humerus • tabulate
• Proximal radius and ulna • compare
• Wrist bones
• Clinical
• Vertebrae
• Sternum
• give annotated illustrations
• rib
• Pelvis
• Joints. Shoulder joint and elbow joint and knee joint
• characteristics of synovial joints with knee joint as an example
• Why joints prone to injury
• Skull; roof, internal view and orbit/paranasal sinuses
• Histology: Epithelium, characteristics, cornea, cell joint types
• glands, methods of secretion, classification, types
 A. Osteology and joints
• A. Osteology and articulations (joints)
• For ALL discussed in class give annotated
illustrations
• Describe discuss, list, compare and contrast,
explain.
• Terminology 6. Sternum:
• Location, structure, adaptations for specific 7. Clavicle: type, ends, location
function, clinical 8. Rib. Atypical and typical
9. Table vertebrae and atypical atlas axis
@joints/ characteristics/injury/Classification 10. Skull:
10a.roof, adult and baby
1. Shoulder joint, scapula, clavicle, prox humerus 10b. orbit:
structures
10c paranasal sinuses.
2. Elbow joint, distal humerus, prox radius and ulna
10d. inner view skull:
3. Knee joint: distal femur and proximal tibia, patella
 B. Histology
B. Histology
• For ALL discuss in class give annotated
illustrations
• Describe, discuss, list, explain
• Terminology
• Examples of different type of epithelium
• Characteristics with cornea histology as
example
• Cuboidal nucleus middle
• Pseudostratified nuclei different levels
so may think stratified but simple
• Transitional. Shaped balloons can stretch
11. Characteristics of epithelium
12. Cornea histology: is the cells epithelium
13 How to classify epithelium
14. Flow diagram of classification and
examples
15. Practical photos of slides and examples
16 Types of glands
17 Secretion methods
18. Classification of glands with relevant
examples
1. Scapula
• Borders
• Angles, lateral angle shoulder all info
• Anterior surface
• Posterior surface
• Intro
• Location
• Structure
• Clinical
• terminology
2. Clavicle
• Intro
• Location
• Surfaces
• end
3. Humerus
• Proximal – shoulder

• Distal
• Anterior surface
• Posterior surface
• Elbow joint
4. Proximal radius/proximal radius
• Elbow joint
• Anterior surface, medial and lateral
• Fossa and process and joint
• Posterior surface
• Fossa and process and joint
• Inferior troglea /process and joint
5. Wrist bones
• The proximal row of four carpal bones listed from lateral to medial are
the Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform.

• The distal row of carpal bones listed from lateral to medial are the
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate.

Scapula 8
@Joints

1. Characteristics of synovial joints

2. List three things prone injury
3. Why knee joint prone injury.
4. Shoulder joint: ball and socket, bones involved, structures adapted to
help function
5. Knee joint: What structures help to stabilise the joint. injuries
6. Hip joint: type of joint ball and socket, what stabilise joint, why prone
injuries. What injuries
General Structure of Synovial Joints
• Articular cartilage
• Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
• Absorbs compression
• Joint (articular) cavity
• Unique to synovial joints
• Cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
Figure 9.3a General structure of synovial joints.

Ligament

Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)
cartilage

Fibrous
layer Articular
Synovial capsule
membrane

Periosteum

A typical synovial joint

Joints
• Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints or articulations
• Greek root arthro means joint
• Structure of joints
• Enables resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces
Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
• Articular surfaces
• Shapes of articulating surfaces determine movements possible
• Seldom play a major role in joint stability
• Exceptions that do provide stability
• Hip joint, elbow joint, and ankle
Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
• Ligaments
• Capsules and ligaments prevent excessive motions
• Ligaments on the medial or inferior side of a joint
• Prevent excessive abduction
• Lateral or superiorly located ligaments
• Resist adduction
Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
• Ligaments (continued)
• Ligaments on the anterior side of a joint
• Resist extension and lateral rotation
• Ligaments on the posterior side of a joint
• Resist flexion and medial rotation
• The more ligaments, usually the stronger and more stable the joint
Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
• Muscle tone
• Helps stabilize joints by keeping tension on tendons
• Is important in reinforcing:
• Shoulder and knee joints
• Supporting joints in arches of the foot
1. Shoulder joint
• Osteology and joints
• For annotated illustrations
illustrations
• Fill in missing words
• Terminology:
• labrum, fossa, process, synovial
capsule
• Location, structure, adaptations for
specific function, clinical applications.
• Scapula, clavicle
• Shoulder joint: synovial, ball-socket
• lat angle scapula, prox radius, ulna
 2. elbow joint
Osteology and joints
• For ALL give annotated
illustrations
• Discuss, describe, explain
• Terminology: fossa, trochlea,
proses, capitulum, condyles
• Location, structure, adaptations
for specific function, clinical
• Elbow joint:
• distal humerus, prox radius, ulna
• Type of joint: synovial hinge
7. Clavicle
• Osteology
• For ALL give annotated illustrations

• Terminology:
• Location, structure, adaptations for
specific function, clinical applications
Clavicle
Type: long bone
Ends: sternal acromion info
Location:
 8. atypical and typical rib
• Osteology
• For ALL give annotated
illustrations
• Terminology
• Location, structure, adaptations
for specific function, clinical
applications
1. Rib
9. Vertebrae
• Osteology .
• Terminology
• Location, structure, adaptations
for specific function, clinical
applications
1. Vertebrae table
2. Describe, Atypical atlas and
axis
 ANSWER:

Characteristic Female Male

Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, Heavier, thicker,
smoother relatively more prominent
markings
relatively

Acetabula smaller Larger

farther apart Closer together

Sacrum wider narrow

shorter longer
curvature is promontory more
accentuated ventral
Pelvic inlet Wider Narrow
Oval side to side Heart shaped
 Characteristic Female Male
Bone thickness Lighter√, thinner√ Heavier√, thicker√,
smoother √relatively more prominent
markings√ relatively
Acetabula smaller√ Larger√
farther apart√ Closer together√
Sacrum wider√ narrow√
shorter√ longer√
curvature is promontory more
accentuated√ ventral√
Pelvic inlet Wider√ Narrow√
Oval side to side√ Heart shaped√
[10]
10. Skull: roof
• Osteology
• For annotated illustrations
• Terminology: sutures,
fontanelle, adult areas, bones
• Location, structure, adaptations
for specific function, clinical
 10b. Orbit
• Osteology
• For Annotated illustrations
• Terminology
• Location, structure, adaptations
for specific function, clinical
applications
1. Orbitum
2. Walls
3. Foramina and content (2)
4. Clinical with paranasal sinuses
 10c. Paranasal sinuses
• Osteology
• For ALL annotated illustrations
• Terminology
• Location, structure, duct
adaptations for specific
function, clinical application
1. paranasal sinuses
10d. Internal view
• Osteology
• For Annotated illustrations
• Terminology
• Location, structure, adaptations for
specific function, clinical applications
Fossas: ant , middle , posterior
Borders:
Mcf: sella turcica/ sup/inf/bilateral
clinical
foramina and content
Clinical implications:
11. Characteristics of epithelium tissue
1. Cellularity. Composed of more than one cell
2. Polarity:
• apical part of a single cell
• different to the basal part has nucleus.
• All epithelium rest on
• a basal membrane BM
• BM basal membrane:
• reticular fibers and
• basal membrane
Junctions: tight, gap junctions,
desmosome3Support connective tissue .
• Inferior to epithelium layer
• stroma/lamina propria connective tissue
4. Avascular but innervated (naked nerve endings)
5.Regeneration (new cells forms)
• s

Histology 29
Cornea and characteristics on illustration/annotated

• Epithelium cells shape and layer must be correct.

• Microvilli small and squamous shape superficial layer
• BM two parts
• Bowman is a layer. Homogenous no cells
• Stroma longitudinal collagen fibres and keratocytes
• BM= Descemet’s membrane. Thin layer underneath
• Endothelum layer
• All cells must have nucleus.
• Then say ON ILLUSTRATION NOT SEPARATE
• Celleluty, polarity, support, avascular, regeneration
12. Is the cell of cornea epithelium. Example to
use for characteristics. Give illustration cornea

1b. BM

3b. Dua s layer

Cells of cornea. Epithelium.
• 1. Cellularity (simple columnar cell layer with cell on basal membrane with
cell junctions between the cells in cornea
• Descemets membrane/Bm of endothelium cells

• 2. Polarity: apical part of a single cell different to the basal part has nucleus

• The superficial squamous outmost layer has microvilli to pull tear layer onto
cornea

Histology 33
Characteristics of epithelium tissue: Cornea
• 3. Support connective tissue (cornea stroma, lamina propria connective
tissue with keratocysts)

• 4. Avascular but innervated (naked nerve endings)

• 5. Regeneration (cornea 7 days)

Histology 34
13. How to classify a epithelium
14. Classification with examples
15. Practical examples
16. Glands types
• Histology
Two types
 17. Secretion methods
a. Merocrine
product released through exocytosis.
Through cell wall)

b.Apocrine
apical part forms a vesicle.
Vesicle with product breaks loose.
Release product when vesicle breaks.
involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm
c. Holocrine
destroys the cell
product released

a. b. c.

BM BM BM
18. Classification of glands and examples