SKELETAL SYSTEM

By: Dhaba (PhD fellow)

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Outline
• Brainstorming

• Introduction

• Function of bone

• Classification of bone

• Bone features

• Clinical applications

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Learning objectives
By the end of the session, the students will be able to:

- Know the general function of skeletal system

- Discuss the name and features of bones forming each body

region

- Explain the general classification of skeletal system

- Apply knowledge of normal structure in analyzing clinical

problems
Brain storming
• How many bones are in adult human?

• Can you list the names of bones forming your body

• List some functions of skeletal system

• Do you know the smallest bone in the body?

• Distinguish fracture and dislocation

• Human length stops at which age?, why?

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 Introduction
The bones and their cartilages, along with
ligaments constitutes the skeletal system.
The study of the structure of bone is called
osteology.
Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight
of the human body.
Two major subdivisions of the skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton

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Functions of the Bones
 Support the body
 Protect soft organs
 Allow movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Store minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation

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Bones of the Human Body
• The adult skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Strongest outer part
• Has few spaces and osteons
• 80% dense and hard
• Spongy bone
• inside the shaft of long bones.
• Many open spaces filled with BM
• 20% and it is light in weight

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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

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 Classification of Bones
Long bones
• Typically longer than
they are wide
• Have a shaft with heads
at both ends
• Contain mostly compact
bone
Example:
• Femur
• Humerus

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Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• nearly equal in length and
width
• Contain mostly spongy
bone
Example:
• Carpals
• Tarsals

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Flat bones
• Thin, flattened, and
usually curved
• Two thin layers of
compact bone surround a
layer of spongy bone
Example:
• Skull
• Ribs
• Sternum

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Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
Example:
• Vertebrae
• Hip bones

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 Bone Markings
• Surface features of bones
– Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments
– Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
– Projections or processes—grow out from the bone
surface
– Depressions or cavities—indentations

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  Surface features ( markings) of Bones
• Generally, there are 3
types of bone markings:

1. Projections ( processes)
that grow out from the
bone

2. Depressions (cavities)
that indent the bone 18
 Projuction: Joint articulations

• Condyle: Rounded articular projection

Condyle

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• Sulcus , Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

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• Tubercle: Small
rounded projection

• Tuberosity: large
rounded or roughened
projection
Proximal Tibia

• Trochanter: very large,

blunt projection
(only on femur)

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• Spine: Sharp, pointed projection

Thoracic Vertebrae

• Ramus: Arm like bar of bone

Iliac crest

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 3. Passages
-Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through.

• Foramen: Round or
oval opening Foramen magnum

 Meatus: Canal or tube

which do not
pass through a bone

• Fissure:
narrow,
slit-like
opening 23
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 Formation of the Human Skeleton
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
– Bridge of the nose
– Parts of ribs
– Joints

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 The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Divided into three parts
– Skull
– Vertebral column
– Bony thorax

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The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6a

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The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6b

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 The Skull
• Consists of cranial bones and facial bones.
The cranial bones
• 8 in number.
The facial bones
• 14 in number.
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint.
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 Divisions of the bones of the skull
A. Cerebral / cranial bones / brain case (8 bones)
Unpaired (4) Paired (4)
1. occipital 1. parietal
2. frontal 2. temporal
3. sphenoid
4. ethmoid
B. Facial or visceral cranium
Paired (12) Unpaired (2)
a. Nasal a. Vomer
b. Lacrimal b. Mandible
c. Maxilla
d. Zygomatic / malar / cheek bones
e. Palatine
f. Inferior nasal concha or turbinate

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CRANIAL BONES
– Most bones of the skull are joined by rigid sutures;
– These include:
– Frontal bone
• forms
– the anterior roof of the cranium, the forehead,
– the roof of the nasal cavity, and
– the superior arch of the orbit.
– This develops in two halves that grow together
and are completely fused at age 5 or 6.

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Parietal bones
– forms
• the upper sides and roof of the cranium.
• The coronal suture separates the frontal bone
from the parietals, and
• the sagittal suture separates the right and
left parietal bones along the superior midline.

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Temporal bones
• forms
– the lower sides of the cranium.
– Each temporal bone is joined to its adjacent
parietal bone by the squamosal suture.
– Each temporal bone has four parts:
• squamous
• tympanic
• mastoid
• petrous parts.

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Occipital bone
• forms
– the back and much of the base of the skull.
– It is fastened to the parietal bones by the
lambdoid suture.
– The foramen magnum is the large hole in the
occipital bone through which the spinal cord
attaches to the brain.
– The occipital condyle, which articulates with
atlas of the vertebral column, is found on each
side of the foramen

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Sphenoid bone
• forms
– the anterior base of the cranium.
– It is butterfly-shaped with outstretched wings.
– It consists of
• a body
• greater and
• lesser wings.
– The body
• is a wedge like central portion
• contains the sphenoidal sinuses and
• a prominent depression called the sella turcica
which supports the pituitary gland. 35
Ethmoid bone
• forms
– the roof of the nasal cavity.
– It is located in the anterior position of the floor of the
cranium between the orbits.
– The cribriform plate is the part having numerous
perforations for the passage of olfactory nerves.
– The perpendicular plate of ethmoid contributes partly
to the nasal septum.
– The crista gali projects superiorly into the cranial
cavity where it forms as an attachment to the meninges.
– The superior and the middle nasal conchae are bony
projections forming the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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Facial Bones
– with certain cranial bones (frontal and portions of the
ethmoid and temporal bones) provide the basic shape
of the face.
– support the teeth and provide attachments for various
muscles that move the jaw and cause facial
expressions.
– All are paired except the vomer and mandible.
– Maxillae form upper jaw.
– Mandible or lower jaw is the only moveable bone of
the skull.
– It is attached to the skull by the temporomandibular
joint.
– Other bones of the face include the palatine bones,
zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, vomer,
and inferior nasal conchae 37
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Human Skull, Lateral View

Figure 5.7

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Fig. 6.11

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Human Skull, Inferior View

Figure 5.9

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Human Skull, Anterior View

Figure 5.11

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 Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
– Lighten the skull
– Give resonance and amplification to voice

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Paranasal Sinuses

Figure 5.10a

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Paranasal Sinuses

Figure 5.10b

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 The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that does not articulate with
another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
• Aids in swallowing and speech

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The Hyoid Bone

Figure 5.12

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 The Fetal Skull

• The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total

body length
• Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial
bones
– Allow the brain to grow
– Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

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The Fetal Skull

Figure 5.13a

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The Fetal Skull

Figure 5.13b

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 AXIAL SKELETON
I. HYOID BONE
= small U-shape; lies in
front of the neck
= base of the tongue is
attached
= lies between mandible
& thyroid cartilage

II. OSSICLES
= small bones of the ear
a. Stapes (stirrup) 2
b. Incus (anvil) 2
c. Malleus (hammer)2
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AXIAL SKELETON
I. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
= curved, slightly movable pillar
= united together by cartilage & ligaments
= 71 – 75 cm long
= formed by series of bones -- vertebrae

FUNCTION:
1. support of the trunk
2. contains & protects the spinal cord &
nerves

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Classification of vertebra young adult
cervical 7 7
thoracic 12 12
lumbar 5 5
sacral 5 1
coccygeal 4 1
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Intervertebral discs = flattened plates of fibrocartilage that

are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the
bodies of vertebrae
FUNCTION: 1. uniting medium between vertebrae
2. main shock absorber
3. give flexibility & movement to the whole
vertebral column
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 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
General parts of vertebrae
1. body 5. transverse
process
2. arch 6. articular process
3. pedicle or root 7. spinous process
4. lamina 8. spinal or
vertebral foramen

Special characteristics of individual

vertebrae
a. Cervical vertebrae (7) = forms the skeleton of
the neck, all have transverse foramen
atypical cervical vertebrae:
1. atlas -- 1st

2. axis = 2nd
3. 7th cervical vertebrae = spinous
process not bifid, small transverse foramen
b. Thoracic vertebrae (12) = costal pits - rib
attachment
= circular vertebral canal 54
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Special characteristics of individual vertebrae

c. Lumbar vertebrae (5) = presence of mammillary, costarious &
accessory processes
= triangular vertebral foramen
have large bodies

d. Sacrum = inverted triangular bone situated between hip

bones

e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1) = 4 small incomplete vertebrae

fused to form the coccyx / tail bone; triangular

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Fig. 6.18

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Fig. 6.20

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AXIAL SKELETON
I. STERNUM (breast bone)
= flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic wall
= composed of 2 plates of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in between
containing red bone marrow
PARTS:
a. Manubrium
b. Corpus or body
c. Xiphoid process

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AXIAL SKELETON
I. RIBS (12 pairs)
= narrow arched flat bones with 2 ends
1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic
2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages

Classification of ribs:
a. Sternal or true ribs (1st to 7th)
- ribs whose costal cartilages are directly
attached to sternum
b. Asternal or false ribs (8th to 12th)
- ribs whose costal cartilages are not attached
directly to the sternum but to 7th

subdivisions: 1. false rib proper - 8th, 9th, 10th ribs

2. floating or hanging ribs – 11th & 12th
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The Appendicular Skeleton.
A. Pectoral Girdle
• Clavicle (collar bone).
• Binds the shoulder to the axial skeleton and
• positions the shoulder joint away from the trunk for
freedom of movement.

•Scapula (shoulder blade)

• a large, triangular flat bone positioned on the posterior
aspect of the ribcage,
• overlying ribs 2 to 7.

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)

1. Clavicle (collar bone)

2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – articulates with
humerus & clavicle
3. Humerus (arm bone) - longest & largest
bone of UPPER EXTREMITY
articulates with scapula (above)
radius & ulna (below)
4. Radius - lateral bone of the forearm; cup-
shaped head
5. Ulna - principal bone of the forearm;
longer & larger than radius
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)
6. Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged into 2
rows
- proximal & distal rows
7. Metacarpals (bones of the hand) - 5 long bones
placed between carpals &
phalanges
- numbered from lateral to medial
1. Phalanges (bones of the fingers) = 14 long bones
of the fingers -- 3 bones except thumb - 2 bones

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Fig. 6.26

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Fig. 6.21

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Pelvic girdle
• is formed by two hip bones (ossa coxae)
• united anteriorly by the symphsis pubis.
• It is attached posteriorly to the sacrum of the vertebral
column. .
• It also supports and protects the lower viscera and the
developing fetus.
• Each hip bone consists of three separate bones:
• the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, which fuse in the
adult.
• On the lateral surface where these three bones ossify
together, is a large circular depression, the acetabulum,
which receives the head of the femur.

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Cont..

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)
1. Hip bone (innominate bone)

right & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdle

3 bones: 1. ilium*
2. ischium*
3. pubis*
2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in
the body
3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial,
& larger of the 2 bones of the leg
4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed
parallel with the tibia but located
laterally

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Fig. 6.30

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Fig. 6.31

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Fig. 6.32

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Fig. 6.33

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Fig. 6.34

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE) cont’n
5. Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones;
2 rows: internal & external rows
6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5 long bones
numbered from medial to lateral
7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar to bones of
the fingers

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Fig. 6.35

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Some clinical applications

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Injection site
Cont..
Cont..
Cont..
Greater and false pelvis
Greater and false pelvis
COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE BONY PELVES
Bony Pelvis Male (♂) Female (♀)
General structure Thick and heavy Thin and light
Greater pelvis (pelvis
major) Deep Shallow
Wide and
Lesser pelvis (pelvis shallow,
minor) Narrow and deep, tapering cylindrical
Pelvic inlet (superior Oval and
pelvic aperture) Heart-shaped, narrow rounded; wide
Pelvic outlet (inferior Comparatively
pelvic aperture) Comparatively small large
Pubic arch and
subpubic angle Narrow (<70°) Wide (>80°)
Obturator foramen Round Oval
Acetabulum Large Small
Greater sciatic notch Narrow (~70°); inverted V Almost 90°
Narrow (<70°)
Wide (>80°)
Cont..
Joints
The skeletal system is able to permit body movement a
The science concerned with the study of joints is called
arthrology.
• classified according to structure or function.
• Functionally 3 types of joints (i.e. based on the degree of
movement)
• Synarthroses –immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses – slightly movable
• Diarthroses – freely movable

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