Appendicular Skeleton

mmulipilwa

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The pectoral girdle
and the upper limb

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The pectoral girdle
Is also known as the shoulder girdle
It attach the upper limb to the trunk
It consist of the clavicle, scapula

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Clavicles
• Also known as collar bones, are slender, S-shaped bones that
extend horizontally.
• Has cone shaped sternal end and flattened acromial end.
• The medial 2/3 of the clavicle is convex anteriorly, the lateral
third is concave anteriorly.
• Has the smooth superior part and grooved/ridged inferior
surface.

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Clavicles
Features on the clavicle:-
• Trapezoid line
• Conoid tubercle

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Scapula
• Also known as shoulder blades, are thin
triangular flat bones locsted on the dorsal
surface of the rib cage.
Features on the scapula:-
Glenoid cavity
Coracoid process
Suprascapular notch
Spine of the scapula
Acromion
Infraspinous fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
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The upper Limb
• There are thirty bones in the upper limb
• They are grouped into the bones of the arm, forearm and the
hand.

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The Arm
• Also known as the brachium, between the shoulder and the elbow
joint.
• The humerus is the only bone of the arm, it is the largest and longest
bone in the upper limb.
• The proximal end of the humerus has the following features:-head ,
neck (anatomical and surgical), greater and lesser tubercles,
intertubercular line, sulcus (bicipital groove), the deltoid tubercle and
the radial groove

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The Arm
The distal end of the humerus has
the following features:-
• Trochlea
• Capitulum
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
• Medial and lateral supracondylar
ridges
• Olecranon fossa
• Coronoid fossa
• Radial fossa
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The forearm
• Also known as ante brachium,
made up of the ulna and the
radius.
• The ulna and radius articulate
with the humerus proximally and
the carpal bones distally.
• In anatomical position, the radius
is lateral while the ulna lies
medially.
• The ulna is slightly longer than the
radius.
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Ulna
• Is slightly longer than the radius
It has the following structures
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Trochlea notch
Radial notch
Styloid process

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Radius
• Is thin at its proximal end and
wider at its distal end.
• It is the lateral bone of the
forearm
Note the following features on the
radius
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch
Head of the radius
Neck of the radius
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The Hand
• The hand includes the bones of
the carpus or wrist, metacarpus
(palm) and phalanges (fingers).

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Carpus
• Contains eight bones called
carpals.
• They are arranged in two irregular
rows each with four bones.
• Proximal row contains:- scaphoid,
lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
(lateromedially)
• Distal row is contains:- trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate and hamate
(lateromedially)

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Metacarpus
• There are five metacarpals
• They are numbered 1-5 from
the thumb to little finger.

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Phalanges
• Digits are numbered 1 to 5 from
the thumb to the little finger
• The thumb is also called the
pollex
• Except the pollex, each finger
has three phalanges, proximal,
middle and distal phalanges.
• The thumb has no middle
phalanx.

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Skeleton of the pelvic girdle
…….and the lower Limb…..

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The Pelvic girdle
• Also known as the hip girdle, it
attaches the lower limb to the spine.
• Consist of he paired hip bones called
coxal or os coxae
• The pelvic girdle is made up of the
sacrum and the hip bones
• The hip bone is made up of three
bones that unite , these are :- the
pubis, ischium and ilium.
• The three bones unite in adults at the
acetabulum.
• Obturator foramen
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Ilium
• Makes the superior part of the hip bone.
Consists of the following:-
 Body
 Ala (wing like)
 Iliac crest
 Tubercle of the iliac crest
 Anterior superior iliac spine
 Posterior superior iliac spines
 Anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines
 Greater sciatic notch
 Iliac fossa
 Auricular surface
 Arcuate line
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Ischium
• Forms the posterior inferior
surface of the hip bone.
• Note the following structures:-
• Body
• Ramus
• Ischial spines
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial tuberosity

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Pubis
• Also known as pubic bone, forms
anterior region of the hip bone.
• Note the following structures on
the pubic bone.
• Superior and inferior rami
• Body of the pubis
• Pubic crest
• Pubic tubercle

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Divisions of the Pelvis

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Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis
Female pelvis:
• Smother
• Smoother
• Lighter
• Less prominent muscle
and ligament
attachments
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Pelvis modifications for childbearing
• Enlarged pelvic outlet
• Broad pubic angle (> 100°)
• Less curvature of sacrum and
coccyx
• Wide, circular pelvic inlet
• Broad, low pelvis
• Ilia project laterally, not upwards

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Lower Limb
Thigh, leg and foot

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The Thigh
• The femur is the single bone of the thigh.
• It is the largest, longest and strongest bone in the body
Note the following structures n the femur:-
The head of the femur with its fovea capitis
Neck of the femur
Greater and lesser trochanters
Intertrochanteric line and intertrochanteric crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Lateral and medial condyles
Medial and lateral epicondyles
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The thigh
• Adductor tubercle
• Patella surface
• Intercondylar fossa
• Lateral and medial
supracondylar line

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The Leg
• Mad up of two parallel
bones called the tibia and
fibula.
• Interosseous membrane

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Tibia
• Medial bone of the leg
Note the following features
Medial and lateral condyles
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Fibular notch

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Fibula
• The lateral bone of the leg
Note the following structures on
the fibula.
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus

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The foot
• Includes the bone of the tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges

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Tarsus
• Consists of seven individual
bones
• These include :- the talus,
calcaneus, cuboid, navicular,
medial, intermediate and lateral
cuneiform.

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Metatarsus
• The bones of metatarsus are five
metatarsals
• They are numbered to 5 from
the medial side.

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Phalanges
• There are 14 phalanges
• There are three phalanges in
each toe (proximal, middle and
distal) phalanges except the big
toe ( hallux) which consists of
only two.

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