HUMAN SKELETON

HARICHANRA GAWAS
3rd Yr B.SC. M.I.T.
INTRODUCTION

2o6 bones make up the adult skeleton (20%

of body mass)

Give’s support - the backbone is the main

support for upper body .
 Give’s protection to the soft organs.
Movement is due to attached skeletal
muscles
 RBC & WBC blood cell are formed by bone
marrow.
Two Major Skeleton System
AXIAL SKELETON- includes the skull ,spine ,rip &
sternum (80 bones).
APPENDICULAR SKELETON- includes the
appendages of the body –shoulder ,arms, hips &
legs (126).
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Four basic bones shapes
SKULL /CRANIUM
DIVIDED INTO MAIN PARTS :
The brain box is the upper part of the
cranium which enclose the brain .
The facial bones
* The skull consists of the 28 bones
Brain case is composed of 14 bones

Paired Unpaired

• Parietal (2) • Frontal (1)

• Temporal (2)
• Occipital (1)
• Malleus (2)
• Incus (2) • Sphenoid(1)
• Stapes (2) • Ethmoid(1)
 FACIAL BONES

Paired Unpaired
• Maxilla(2) • Mandible
• Zygomatic(2) • Vomer
• Nasal (2)
• Lacrimal(2)
• Palatine (2)
• Inferior nasal
conch(2)
Superior view or Norma verticalis
 The skull shape is oval shape.
 Bones seen in norma verticalis –
Frontal bone anteriorly
Occipital bone posteriorly
Parietal bone on each side
 Sutures -are the joint in the skull
• coronal suture (frontal &parietal bone)
• sagittal suture (two parietal bones)
•Lambdoid suture ( P. occipital & two parietal
bone)
 Vertex is the highest point on the sagittal
suture.
Bregma is the meeting point between the
coronal & sagittal suture.
Posterior view /Norma occipitalis
Norma occipitalis is convex upwards &on each
side and is flattened below.
Bones seen – posterior parts of the parietal
bones
-upper part of the occipital bone below.
- Mastoid part of temporal bone ,on each side.
Sutures – lambdoid suture
•Occipietomastoid suture (occipital & mastoid
part of temporal bone.
• Parietomastoid suture (parietal& mastoid
bone.
External occipital protuberance is a median
prominence in the lower part of this norma. It
marks the junction of the head and the neck.
Nuchals lines- are curved bony ridge passing
laterally from the protuberance.
EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL
Anterior view / Norma frontalis
Norma frontalis is roughly ovals in outline,
being wider above than below.
Bones seen -frontal bone form forehead
•Right and left maxilla form the upper jaw.
•Right and left nasal bones
•The zygomatic bones form the bony
prominence of the superolateral part of
the cheeks.
•The mandible form the lower jaw.
Frontal region
•Superciliary arch- is rounded ,curved
elevation situated just above the medial part
of each orbital.
•The glabella- is a median elevation
connecting the two superciliary arches.
•The nasion-is a median point at the roof of
nose where the intranasal suture meets with
the frontonasal suture.
•Frontal tuber- is a low rounded elevation
above the superciliary arch ,one on each side.
Orbital openings
Each orbital opening is quadrangular in shape and
is bounded by the following margins.
Supraorbital margin- is formed by the frontal
bone. Lateral to its two –thirds and its medial one
–thirds, it presents the supraorbital suture and
foramen.
Infraorbital margin- is formed by the zygomatic
bone laterally and maxilla medially.
Medialorbital margin – is formed by the frontal
bone .
Lateralorbital margin- by the frontal process of
zygomatic bone.
LATERAL VIEW / NORMA LATERALIS
Inferior view /Norma Basalis
Anterior part of Norma Basalis
Alveolar arch – bears sockets for the roots
of the upper teeth.
Hard palate
Anterior two –third by the palatine
processes of the maxilla bone.
Posterior one –third by the horizontal
plates of the palatine bones.
Vertebral column
Vertebral column is also called the spine or
backbone. Its support the body weight and
protected the spine.
Vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae.
Cervical vertebrae
There are seven cervical vertebrae ,out of which
the third to sixth are typical, while the first
,second and seventh are atypical.
Body - the is small and broader from side to
side .
Superior surface- is concave transversely.
Inferior surface- is saddle shape being convex
from side to side and concave from backward.
Vertebral foramen- is larger than the body ,it is
triangular in shape.
Thoracic vertebrae
There are twelve thoracic vertebra
T2-T9 typical and T1,T10 toT12 are atypical.
Body - is heart shape.
Superior costal facet is longer and placed on
the upper border of the body near the pedicle.
Inferior costal facet is smaller and place on the
lower border in front of the inferior vertebral
notch.
The vertebral foramen is comparatively small
& circular
THORACIC VERTEBRAE

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
Thoracic cavity/ Rib cage
Sternum
The sternum is a flat bone ,forming anterior
median part of the thoracic skeleton.
The sternum is about 17 cm long ,its longer in
males then the females.
Lumbar vertebrae
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae ,these are the
largest vertebrae and very strong in
construction .
As they need to support more weight than the
other vertebrae.
The pedicles are strong as the laminae and
the spinous process is thick and broad .
The vertebral foramen is large and triangular.
The transverse process are long and narrow.
Sacrum
There are 5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5) which are
fused in maturity , into one large bone the
sacrum has no intervertebral discs.
The sacrum with the ilium form a sacroiliac
joint on each side of the pelvis which
articulates with the hips.
Coccyx
The last three to five coccygeal vertebrae
(but usually four) ( Co1- Co 4) make up the
tailbone or coccyx. There are no intervertebral
discs.
Pelvis
The pelvic skeleton is formed
Posteroirly by the sacrum & the coccyx .
Anteriorly & the left and right side by a pair
of hip jointed with the two femurs.
The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis called the
pelvis cavity.
UPPER LIMB
There are 32 bones in upper limb.
It is made up of four part
Shoulder region- Clavicle & scapula
Arm Humerus
Forearm Radius & ulna
Hand 8 carpus bone
5 metacarpal bone
14 phalanges
Scapula
The scapula is a thin bone placed on the
posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage.
Humerus
The humerus is the long bone of the arm.
It is the longest bone of the upper limb.
Upper end –the head is directed medially,
backwards, and upward. its articulates with the
glenoid cavity.
Lesser tubercle –is an elevation on the anterior
aspect of the upper end .
Greater tubercle – is the an elevation that form the
lateral part of the upper end.
Shaft is rounded in the upper haft &triangular in
the lower haft.
Radius
The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm.
•Upper end is having disc shape head while lower
end is expanded with a styloid process.
•Close to neck it present a radial process.
•At the lower end ,the anterior surface is in the form
of thick prominent edge. while the posterior surface
present four groove for the extensor tendons.
•The sharpest border of the shaft is the medial
border.
•Lower end present a tubercle on the posterior
surface .
Ulna

•The upper end is hook –like, with its concavity

directed forward.
•The lateral border of the shaft is sharp and
creat like.
•Pointed styloid process lies posteromedial to
the rounded head of ulna at its lower end.
Carpal bones
The carpus is made up of 8 carpal bones.
Metacarpal bones
Metacarpal bones are 5 .
Head is round .it has an articular surface which
extends more anteroposteriorly than laterally .It
extends more on the palmar surface than on
the dorsal surface .
Shaft is concave on the palmar surface ,its
dorsal surface bears a flat triangular area in its
distal part.
The base is irregularly expanded.
LOWER LIMB
There are 31 bone in lower limb .
It is made up of four parts
Gluteal region
Hip bone
(the side & back of pelvis)
Thigh ( hip to knee) Femur & patella
Leg (knee to ankle) Tibia & fibula
Foot (heel to toes)
7 Tarsus
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
Femur
The femur or thigh bone is the longest and the
strongest bone of the body.
The upper end bears a rounded head whereas
the lower end is widely expanded to form two
large condyles.
The head directed medially upward and slightly
forward.
The cylindrical shaft is directed forward
,oblibuely downwards and medially.
Patella
•The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in
the body ,It is situated in front of the lower end
of the femur about 1cm above the knee joint.
•It is triangular in shape with its apex directed
downwards.
Tibia
The tibia is the medial & larger bone of the
leg.
The upper end is much larger then lower end.
The medial side of the lower end projects
downwards beyond the rest of the bone, the
projection is called the medial malleolus.
Anterior border of the shaft is most prominent
and crest –like.
Fibula
The fibula is the lateral and smaller bone of the
leg . it is very thin as compared to tibia.
The upper end ,or the head is slightly expanded in
all directions , the superior surface bears a circular
articular facet which articulates with the lateral
condyle of the tibia.
The lower end –anterior surface is rough & round.
Posterior surface is marked by a groove.
Lateral surface is subcutaneous.
Medial surface bears a triangular articular facet
for the talus.
Bones of the Foot
Tarsals
Tarsals has 7 bones ,arranged in the two rows.
Proximal row- talus above & calcaneus below.
Distal row –there four tarsal bones lying side
by side – by name cuneiform.
Another bone , the navicular ,is interposed
between the talus & the three cuneiform.
Tarsal bones are much larger and stronger than
carpal bones because they have to support and
distribute the body weight.
Metatarsal
The metatarsal is made up of 5 metatarsal
bones.
Each metatarsal is the miniature long bone .
Shaft which is sightly convex dorsally &
concave ventrally in its longitudinal axis
Base / proximal end is set obliquely in such a
way that it projects backwards and laterally.
Head /distal end is flattened from side to side.
Phalanges
There are 14 phalanges in each foot,
2- for great toe and 3 for the other toes.
As compared to the phalanges of the hand,
these are much smaller in size , and the
shafts particularly of first row are
compressed from side to side.
JOINTS - ARTICULATIONS
SYNARTHROSIS JOINT
• Is an immovable joint
• Eg- suture between two cranial bone

AMPHIARTHROSIS JOINT
• Is a slightly movable joint
• Eg – the symphysis joint between adjacent
vertebrae

DIARTHRISIS JOINT
• Is a freely moveble joint
• Eg- ball & socket joint in hip jnt.
THANK
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