Anatomical Position

1. The body is standing erect.

2. Eyes look forward.
3. The upper limbs are placed other sides.
4. The palms of the hands are forward.
5. The legs close together.

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 Anatomical Planes
Transverse Plane
Is the horizontal plan that is parallel to the ground it
divides the body or organ into to superior and
inferior portion

Vertical plane
There are two types of its
1. mid sagittal plane or median plane is a vertical
plane that passes through the midline of the
body and divides the body into equal right and
left sides
2. Coronal plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions

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In addition there are another plane near the mid
sagittal plane but divides the body into none equal
parts.(parasagittal plane)

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 Direction and terms
1. Anterior( ventral ( :nearer to or at the font of
the body
2. Posterior (dorsal( :nearer to or at back of the
body
3. Superior :toward the head or upper part of
structure
4. inferior :away from the head or toward the
lower part of structure
5. Superficial :toward or on the surface of the
body
6. Deep :away the surface of the body
7. Medial :nearer to the midline of the body or
structure
8. Lateral :father from midline of the body or
structure
9. proximal: structure nearer to the point of origin.
10. distal: structure father to the point of origin

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Abdominal reginos

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 The Skeleton
the human skeleton is divided into
1. axial skeleton
2. perpendicular skeleton
a- Axial skeleton includes
 skull
 ribs and sternum
 vertebral column
b- A perpendicular skeleton includes
 Bones of Upper limb and shoulder girdle
 bonds of lower Limb and pelvic girdle
The vertebral column consist of
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 Sacral vertebrae fuses to form sacrum
3-5 coccygeal vertebrae

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 Bones of Upper limb
o shoulder girdle
 clavicle anterior
 Scapula posterior
o Humerus bone of (arm)
o radius and ulna bones of( forearm)
o carpal and metacarpal and phalanges bones of
(hand)

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 Bones Of Lower Limb
 pelvic girdle include 2 hip bones and sacrum
 femur bone of Thigh
 tibia and fibula bones of leg
 bones of foot
 Tarsal
 metatarsal
 phalanges

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 Types of Bones
according to shape
1. long bones: they have two ends and shaft e.g.
femur or humur
2. Short bones they are cubicle and shape e.g.
Carpal and tarsal bones
3. flat bones thin plate of Bones e.g ribs, scapula
4. irregular bones complicated bonds e.g.,
vertebrae
5. sesamoid bones this bones inside the tendons of
some muscles e.g. patella

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 Bones Marking
1- depressions
A-notch: usually lies at the border of Bones,
e.g. scapular notch
B-Rounded depressions
 fossa is large in size e.g. scapular fossa
 -fovea is Moderate in size e.g. head of femur
C- linear depression
 groove is Linear depression e.g. intertubercular
groove in humerus
2- Openings
 foramen is visible openings in Bones e.g.
foramen Magnum in the skull
 Meatus is opening related to ear and noise
 Fissure crack between bones e.g. superior
and inferior orbital fissures in the skull
3- for articulation (joints)

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  condyle: Rounded elevation e.g. Media
condyle of femur
 Head : hemispherical in shape eg. head of
femur
 facet: Smooth flat surface e.g facet in rib

4- for tendons , ligaments attach

 Tubercle is small rounded process e.g. greater
tubercle of humerus
 Tuberosity is large rounded usually roughened
process e.g. ischial tuberosity in hip bone
 line is less prominent ridge e.g. linea aspera in
the femur
 crest is prominent border e.g. iliac crest in hip
bone

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