Human Anatomy and Physiology

Activity No. 5
Skeletal System

Name: Rint Mae Ranella,Romaquin Ace, Salcedo Chelian Date: October 22, 2021
Santera Raizen, Santos Francis Leynard, Sinconiegue Naomi
Sta. Teresa Neil Patrick, Suico Angel

Course/Year/Sec. BS BIO 3-4 Instructor: Ms. Janeth Austria

Axial Skeleton
The Skull
The major bones of the skull include the cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones
form a bony cavity that harbors and protects the brain and houses organs of hearing and
equilibrium. Facial bones provide the shape of the face, house the teeth, and provide
attachments for all the muscles of facial expression.

Lateral View
Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anterior View

Activity 1. Label the cranial bones, facial bones, and sutures on the photographs below.
A. Anterior view of the skull. (12 pts)

Answer:
1. Parietal Bone –parayetal-Posterior and lateral to the frontal bone,
forming sides of cranium.
2. Sphenoid Bone-Bat-shaped bone forming a plateau across the
width of the skull. The sphenoid bone can be
seen in its entire width if the top of the cranium is removed
3. Ethmoid Bone-Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid.
Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper
nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls.
4. Lacrimal Bone-Fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the
medial orbit walls between the maxilla and
the ethmoid. Each lacrimal bone has an opening that serves as a
passageway for tears
(lacrima means ―tear‖).
Human Anatomy and Physiology

5. Inferior Nasal Concha-Thin curved bones protruding medially

from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve
the same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone.
6. Vomer-Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that
forms most of the nasal septum.
7. Frontal Bone-Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead,
superior part of the orbit, and anterior part
of cranial floor.
8. Temporal Bone-Inferior to parietal bone on lateral part of the
skull.
9. Nasal Bone-Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the
nose.
10. Zygomatic Bone-Lateral to the maxilla; forms the part of the face
commonly called the cheekbone, and
part of the lateral orbit.
11. Maxilla plural maxillae (maksiley)-Two bones fused in a median
suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All
facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus they
are the main, or keystone,
bones of the face.
12. Mandible-The lower jawbone; articulates with the temporal bones
in the only freely movable joints
of the skull.

B. Lateral view of the skull. (14 pts)

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Answer:

1. Coronal Suture- Coronal suture: The coronal suture runs from ear to ear over the top of
the head. It connects both frontal bones to the parietal bones.
2. Parietal Bone

3. Squamous Suture- runs along the side of the face, connecting the parietal bones to the
temporal bones on each side of the head.
4. Temporal Bone

5. Lambdoid Suture- Occurs where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly.

6. Occipital Bone- The most posterior bone of cranium: forms the floor and back wall. Joins
the sphenoid
bone anteriorly.
7. Frontal Bone

8. Sphenoid Bone

9. Ethmoid Bone

10. Lacrimal Bone

11. Nasal Bone

12. Zygomatic Bone

13. Maxilla

14. Mandible
Human Anatomy and Physiology

Vertebral Column
The vertebral column protects the spinal cord and provides attachment points for back
and abdominal muscles. The curved vertebral column (backbone) is a flexible structure that can
be bent, twisted, and rotated, especially in the cervical region. The vertebral column consists of
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx.

Activity 2. Label the five regions and four normal curvatures of the vertebral column. (9 pts)
Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Cervical Vertebrae- The seven cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7) form the neck
portion of the vertebral column. The first two cervical ver-tebrae (atlas and axis) are
modified to perform special func-
tions. The atlas (C1) lacks a body, and its lateral processes contain large depressions
on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. This joint
enables you to nod yes. The axis (C2) acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (and
skull) above. Its large vertical process, the dens, acts as the pivot point. The joint
between C1 and C2 allows you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate ―no.‖
2. Thoracic Vertebrae- The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) have a larger body
than the cervical vertebrae. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, with two small
articulating surfaces, orcostal facets, on each side (one superior, the other inferior) that
articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs. The vertebral foramen is oval or
round, and the spinous process is long, with a sharp downward hook. These vertebrae
form the thoracic part of the spine and the posterior aspect of the bony thoracic cage
(rib cage). They are the only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs.
3. Lumbar Vertebrae- The five lumbar vertebrae (L1 through L5) have massive blocklike
bodies and short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly
backward (Figure 8.11c). Because
the lumbar region is subjected to the most stress, these are also the sturdiest of the
vertebrae.
4. Sacrum- formed from the fusion of five vertebrae, is the posterior border of the pelvis.
Superiorly it articulates with L5 and inferiorly it connects with the coccyx.
5. Coccyx (kak-siks)- results from the fusion of three to five small, irregularly shaped
vertebrae. Literally the human tailbone, it is a remnant of the tail that other vertebrates
have.
6. Cervical Curve- curves slightly inward, sometimes described as a backward C-shape
or lordotic curve
7. Thoracic Curve- curves outward, forming a regular C-shape with the opening at the
front—or a kyphotic curve
8. Lumbar Curve- curves inward and, like the cervical spine, has a lordotic or backward
C-shape
9. Sacral Curve in which the sacrum curves backward and helps support the
abdominal organs

The cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly,
being referred to as lordoses (singular: lordosis). They appear later (although before birth)
and are accentuated in infancy by support of the head and by the adoption of an upright or
erect human posture.
Human Anatomy and Physiology

Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)

The bony cage that encircles the chest is called the thoracic cage, or rib cage, and is
composed of the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae.

Activity 3. Locate the parts of the thorax. (10 pts)

1. Jugular Notch- is at the center of the superior

border of the manubrium of sternum.
2. Manubrium- looks like the knot
of a tie; it articulates with the clavicle (collarbone)
laterally.
3. Body of Sternum- is the longest part of the sternum. It
is flat with depressed ridges along the sides where the
costal cartilages of the 3rd to 7th pairs of ribs articulate
inferior to the sternal angle.
Human Anatomy and Physiology

4. Xiphoid Process- at the inferior end of the sternum,

lies at the level of the fifth
intercostal space.
5. Sternum- (breastbone), a typical flat bone, is a result
of the fusion of three bones—from superior to
inferior, the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
It is attached to the first seven pairs of ribs.
6. Costal Cartilages- only found at the anterior ends of
the ribs, providing medial extension.
-bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong
the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the
elasticity of the walls of the thorax.
7. Sternal Angle- is the synarthrotic joint formed by
the articulation of the manubrium and the body of
the sternum.
-allows for some movement like a hinge so that the
body can move anteriorly during deep inspiration.
8. True ribs- attach directly to the sternum by their
―own‖ costal cartilages.
9. Floating Ribs- have no
sternal attachment.
10. False Ribs- rib pairs 8–10 have indirect cartilage
attachments to the sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton has larger bones than the axial skeleton and bears more
weight. The bones of this division are separated into four main areas: the pectoral girdles, the
upper limbs (extremities), the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs. The bone markings include sites
of muscle attachment and articulations with other bones to form a joint.

Activity 4. Estimating Your Height from Bone Length (10 pts)

Instruction:
Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. To locate the radius:

a) With the hand in anatomical position, palpate (examine by touch) the lateral
epicondyle of your humerus and then move your hand just a little distally to the head
of the radius.
b) Slowly rotate your palm facing forward and backward to feel the rotation of the disc-
shaped head of the radius.
c) To find the styloid process of the radius, palpate the lateral side of your wrist.
2. Mark the location of the head and styloid process of your radius using a pen or marker.
3. Measure the length of the radius in inches from the head to the styloid process using any
kind of measuring tool available. Record the value on the table below.
4. Use the appropriate formulas to calculate your height in inches. Record the value on
table.
a) Males: Height (in) = (length of radius in inches x 3.3) + 34
b) Females: Height (in) = (length of radius in inches x 3.3) + 32
5. Measure your height in inches and record the value in the table below.
Francis Leynard Santos

Estimating Your Height from Bone Length

Length of radius (in) 10.5 in

Calculated height (in) 68.65 in

Measured height (in) 68.65 in

Mae Ranella Rint

Estimating Your Height from Bone Length

Length of radius (in) 9.3 in

Calculated height (in) 62.69 in

Measured height (in) 61.02 in

CONCLUSION
In male the measured height is exactly as the calculated. In female the measured height
are slightly different than the calculated height. The length of radius is more in males than in
females. Gender differences in height and length of radius were found to be significant. The
estimation of height from your bone length height is correlated.

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy and Physiology

CONCLUSION
The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its
shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores
minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.
Bones are an important part of the skeletal system and serve many core functions, as
well as supporting the body’s structure and facilitating movement. Bone is a dynamic structure,
which is continually remodelled in response to stresses placed on the body.
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and
trunk of a vertebrate animal, including humans. The primary divisions of the skeleton system are
the head, thorax, and vertebral column. The human cranium supports the structures of the face
and forms the brain cavity. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs of the chest
such as the heart and lungs. The cervical vertebrae make up the junction between the vertebral
column and the cranium, and the bone makes up the junction between the vertebral column and
the pelvic bones.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the 126 bones of the appendages and the
pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The upper and lower
limbs differ in their functions and mobility, but they have the same basic plan. Each limb is
composed of three major segments connected by freely movable joints.
Human Anatomy and Physiology