ASSIGNMENT AS 3

SKELETAL SYSTEM

A. Give your responses to the following:

1. What are the different types of cartilage? Give examples of each

HYALINE CARTILAGE – ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
FIBROUS CARTILAGE – intervertebral disc, and pubic symphysis
ELASTIC CARTILAGE – epiglottis, auditory tubes, and pinna of the outer ear

2. Where in the body are cartilages found?

Cartilages are found in the joints of the body.

3. What are the different types of bones according to shape? Give examples of each
LONG BONES – humerus, ulna, and femur
SHORT BONES – carpal and tarsal
FLAT BONES – ribs, sternum, and scapulae
IRREGULAR BONES – vertebrae, coxa, and the bones of the skull
SESAMOID BONES – wrist and patella

4. List the functions of the bone

- stores calcium and phosphorus
- provides the structure and form of the body
- supports the body
- protects the organs from possible injuries
- regulates endocrine and produces blood cells

5. List the characteristics of bones and briefly discuss each

According to shape:
Flat – flat, have marrow but no marrow cavity
Short – cubed-shape, mostly equal in size (length and width)
Long – greater length than width, hard
Irregular – complex and irregular in shape
Sesamoid – small, round

According to developmental history or ossification:

Endochondral – the bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
Membranous – forms the bone on the mesenchyme directly

6. Describe the development of bones starting with mesenchyme

The bone develops from fibrous membranes to the mesenchymal cells and transforms into
specialized cells forming the future bone’s template.

7. List the bones that make up the axial skeleton

- Bones of the Skull
- Ossicles
- Hyoid Bone
- Ribs
- Vertebral Column
- Sternum

8. List the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton

- Shoulder Girdle
- the Upper Limbs
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- the Lower Limbs
 - Pelvic Girdle
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges

9. Enumerate the components that make up the thoracic cage

1. Thoracic vertebrae
2. Ribs or Rib Cage
3. Sternum

10. List the parts of the sternum and describe the sternal angle
- Jugular Notch
- Clavicular Notch
- Manubrium
- Sternal Angle
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
The sternal angle is the manubriosternal joint. It is a landmark used by professionals when
performing a physical examination for the thorax.

11. Describe how each rib is attached to the sternum and to the vertebral column- which
attaches where?

The first seven pairs of ribs are the only ones attached to the sternum.
The 1st rib is attached at the manubrium of the sternum inferiorly to the articular site for the
clavicle. The 2nd rib attaches to the articular demifacets at the junction of the manubrium and the body
of the sternum. The 3rd until the 6th rib attaches to the articular facets on the body of sternum. Lastly, the
7th rib attaches to the articular facets at the junction of the body and the xiphoid process.
 The 8th to the 10th rib connects to the costal cartilages of the ribs superior to them whereas the
last 11th and 12th ribs are known as floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum.

The ribs are numbered with their accordance with the thoracic vertebrae.
The ribs articulate posteriorly with their respective thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) at the
costovertebral joints.

12. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae of each vertebral region
Cervical – has a bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen on the transverse process.
Thoracic – has transverse costal facet on each transverse processes.
Lumbar – has mamillary process on the superior articular process and an accessory process on the
transverse process.
Sacrum – has 5 fused sacral vertebrae and has 4 pairs of foramina.
Coccyx – has 4 unified coccygeal vertebrae.
13. List the regions of the vertebral column
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx

14. Describe the intervertebral disc

It is located between the bodies of two vertebrae starting from the 2 nd cervical vertebra or the axis until
the sacrum. It serves as a shock absorber and comprises one-fourth of the length of the vertebral
column.

15. Enumerate the curvatures of the vertebral column. Which ones are primary, secondary?
 The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are found in the (1) thoracic and (2)
sacrococcygeal region, whereas the secondary curvatures are found in the (3) cervical and (4) lumbar
region of the vertebral column.

B. DRAW the following:

1. Schematic diagram of the Development of bones
2. Osteon ( Haversian system) and label its parts

3. Long bone and label its external and internal parts

4. Table showing the different locations of the axial and appendicular skeleton and the
corresponding number of bones (e.g. ribs 12).
5. Atlas and the Axis and label the parts

6. Sternum and label its parts

7. Typical rib and label its parts

8. Typical Vertebral bone of the thoracic region and label the parts
9. Typical Vertebral bone of the lumbar region and label the parts
10. Humerus , label its parts

11. Ulna and Radius , label their parts

12. Femur, label its parts