ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (Online Review and Discussion)

CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM: GROSS ANATOMY

a) Calvaria (skullcap)
OVERVIEW OF THE SKELETON
- the dome of the top of the skul
- typical number of adult’s bone: 206 b) Base
- typical number of bones during childhood: 270 - exhibits three paired depressions called cranial
- the fusion of several bones, completed by late fossae
adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average
adult number of 206 bones

 Sesamoid bones – small flat bone developed in a tendon, CRANIAL BONES

which move over a bony surface. ex patella
 Wormian bones (Sutural bones) – is small, irregular bones a. Frontal bone
in the sutures between the bones of the skull. They formed - forms the anterior third of the cranium,
as a result of Intramembranous ossification of the cranial corresponding to the forehead
bones - articulates with the parietal bones by coronal suture
b. Parietal bones
- 2 large quadrangular bones, forming the greater part
of the vault of the cranium.
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON - bones located at - articulate with each other at the center by sagittal
the center or axis of the body, consists of 80 bones suture
c. Occipital bone
A. SKULL - forms the posterior portion of the cranial dome
- the skeleton of the head, consists of 29 bones - articulates with the parietal bones by the lambdoid
suture
d. Temporal bones
- paired bone found at the lower sides and base of the
cranium.
- articulates with the parietal bones by the squamous
suture
e. Sphenoid bone
- a butterfly or bat shaped bone that forms the anterior
portion and base of the skull.
- it acts as an anchor binding all of the cranial bones
together.
f. Ethmoid bone
- forms the middle portion of the anterior cranial floor,
extending inferiorly between the orbits.
- It is the lightest of the cranial bones.

2. FACIAL BONES
- consists of 14 bones
a. Maxillae/maxillary bones

1. CRANIUM - upper jaw

- the brain box, consists of 8 bones
- they protect and enclose the brain and special sense
organs
- meninges separates brain tissues from the bones of
the skull
- foramen magnum is large hole where the spinal cord
meets the brain
Two major parts of cranium:
- support the face from the eyes down to the mouth
b. Lacrimal bones
- the smallest and most fragile facial bones
- forms the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit
c. Palatine bones
- a pair of L-shaped bones
- joined together at the midline to form the posterior third of the
hard palate
- the perpendicular part forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
d. Zygomatic bones
- Malar bone
- forms the cheek bone of the face and the lateral margin of the
orbit
e. Nasal bones
- forming the bridge of the nose
f. Vomer
- a thin, unpaired flattened bone that forms the lower portion of
the nasal septum that divides the nasal cavity
g. Inferior nasal conchae
- turbinate bone
- a pair of thin, scroll like bones that projects horizontally and
medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
- the largest of the 3 paired conchae
 h. Mandible - between sphenoid, temporal, parietal, frontal
- lower jaw 2. postero-lateral fontanel (mastoid)
- strongest and longest bone in the face - between temporal, parietal, occipital
- the only movable bone in the skull. 3. Anterior fontanel (coronal)
- between parietal and frontal
B. HYOID BONE 4. Posterior fontanel
- unpaired, u-shaped bone found in the anterior part of the - between parietal and occipital
neck and support the tongue
- unique part of the skeleton because it has no articulations D. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
with other bones - forms the flexible central pillar found in the posterior part
of the body
C. EAR OSSICLES - composed of 26 bones, some of which are fused
- consists of 6 bones
- involved in exciting the hearing receptors FUNCTIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
1. Malleus – hammer 1. To support the head and upper limbs
2. Incus – anvil 2. To provide muscle attachments
3. Stapes – stirr-up, smallest bone in the body 3. To protect the spinal cord

CAVITIES AND SINUSES OF THE SKULL: PARTS OF TYPICAL VERTEBRAE:

A. Cavities - protects and surround the brain
1. Cranial cavity 1. Body – large, drum shaped
2. Oral/ buccal cavity 2. Pedicle/root – short, thick extends posterior from the body
3. Nasal cavity 3. Laminae – projects from the pedicle
4. Orbital cavity 4. Processes – arises from the laminae
a. spinous (1) – muscle attachment
B. Sinuses – responsible for sound resonance, decrease the b. transverse (2) – prevent twisting of the vertebrae
weight of the skull, and helps to warm and moistened the c. articular (4) – for articulation
inspired air.
1. Mastoid sinus
2. Paranasal sinuses
a) Maxillary sinus (Antrum of highmore)
b) Frontal sinus
c) Sphenoidal sinus
d) Ethmoidal sinus

FETAL SKULL:
- contains fibrous membranous areas called “fontanels”
(little fountain)
1. antero-lateral fontanel (sphenoid) REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

1. Cervical
– smallest vertebral bones
- characterized by the presence of transverse foramen
- C1 (atlas) – support the head
- C2 (axis, epistrophus) – present of odontoid process
(dens), serves as a body
- C3-C6 – spinous process is short and bifid
- C7 – atypical and forms the vertebral prominence
2. Thoracic
 – articulating with the 12 pairs of ribs 2. Humerus (brachium)
3. Lumbar – longest bone in the arm
– the largest, strongest and heaviest
4. Sacrum
– large, triangular bone which articulates
- with 2 pelvic bones laterally and lumbar above
5. Coccyx (tail bone)
– forms the lower end of the vertebral column

CURVATURES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

1. Primary curvature
– formed by thoracic and sacro-coccygeal curvatures
- present since intra-uterine life
2. Secondary curvature
– formed by the cervical and lumbar curvatures

E. THORACIC/ RIB CAGE

- form a partially flexible, protective shield for the heart, lungs
and other thoracic organs

1. Ribs – thin, narrow, bony arches articulates with the

vertebral column Classification of ribs:
a. true/ sternal (vertebro-sternal)
– 1st 7 pairs, directly attached to the sternum
b. false/ asternal (vertebro-chondral)
– 8,9,10th pairs, attached to the 7th pair of ribs
c. floating/ vertebral ribs
– the 11th and 12th pair of ribs, attached only to the
vertebral column, anterior ends are free.

2. Sternum (breastbone) – a dagger-shaped bone plate

consisting of 3 separate bones.
a. manubrium sterni – most superior bone
b. body (gladiolus) – intermediate bone
c. xiphoid process – most inferior bone

3. Ulna
BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
– medial and longer bone of the forearm; it is commonly
- composed of 126 bones; composed of upper and lower known as “funny bone”
extremities 4. Radius
A. UPPER EXTREMITY – composed of 64 bones – lateral and shorter bone of the forearm, fracture is known
as ‘dinner-fork deformity’
1. Pectoral girdle (Shoulder)
– connects the upper extremity with the trunk.
a. Clavicle (collar bone)
– 1st bone to ossify, and the only bony
connection between the upper extremity and
trunk
- Fracture is called the ‘green-stick fracture’

5. Carpal bones (wrist bone)

– composed of 8 small bones arranged in 2 rows of 4
bones:
Proximal row
b. Scapula (shoulder blade)
– pisiform, triquetral, lunate, scaphoid
– wide, flat, triangular bone covering the Distal end
postero-lateral portions of the chest wall from – hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
the 2nd – 7th ribs. 6. Metacarpal bones
– forms the framework of the hand
7. Phalanges
– forming the digits or fingers

B. LOWER EXTREMITY – composed of 62 bones

1. Pelvic girdle (hips)
– connects the lower extremity with the trunk
a. Ilium
– largest, uppermost of the pelvic bone
b. Ischium
 – prismatic and strongest bone of the os coxae; – forms the digits or toes
situated on posteroinferior
c. Pubis
– anterior and lower bone of the pelvis.

2. Femur (thigh bone)

– the largest, longest and heaviest bone in the body
3. Patella (knee cap)
– protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon of
anterior thigh muscle
- the largest sesamoid bone

4. Tibia (shinbone)
– larger and medial leg bone
5. Fibula (splint bone; calf)
– lateral leg bone
- the most slender bone in the body.

6. Tarsal bones (ankle bone)

– forming the ankle and posterior part of the foot.
a. Talus (astragalus)
– articulates with tibia to form ankle joint
b. Calcaneous (os calcis, heel bone)
– largest tarsal bone
c. Navicular (scaphoid)
– forms the middle row of bone
d. Cuboid
– forms part of the anterior row
e. Cuneiform
– wedge shaped
7. Metatarsal bones
– forms the framework of the foot
8. Phalanges