2 AND 3 WEEKS

ND RD

OF
DEVELOPMENT

Dr Umesh Bindal
SECOND WEEK
OF
DEVELOPMENT
   Implantation
---definition: the process by which the
blastocyst is embedded in endometrium
---time: 5th –6th day begin; 11th –12th day
complete
 Implantation
The developing embryo must force its way through the Uterine Epithelium.
The Trophoblast cells at the embryonic pole begin proliferate.

Trophoblast
Development of Bilaminar Germ Disc
• As the implantation is progressing ---on 8th
day embryoblast differentiates in to

• Epiblast:- give rise to embryonic cells

• Hypoblast:- give rise to extraembryonic tissue

 The Trophblast forms two Layers:
The Cells of the Syncyiotrophoblast fuse (form a syncytium).

The Cells of the Cytotrophoblast proliferate and secrete hydrolytic enzymes that
dissolve the extracellular matrix of the Uterine epithelium.

Uterine
epithelium

ICM Splits to
form Epiblast
and
Hypoblast

Bilaminar Germ
Disc
1. Cells of epiblast and hypoblast are arrange in the form
of a disc

2. A small cavity appears in epiblast cells and enlarges

to form amniotic cavity Which now separate the polar
trophoblastic cells from Epiblast cells

3. From the edge of these cells epiblast cells give rise to

amniogenic cells which forms a membrane called
amnion forming the roof of amniotic cavity And floor is
formed by epiblast layer
 Day 8
The expanding Cytotrophoblast pulls the embryo into the Endometrium of
the uterus.

Epiblast
Proliferates and
forms the
Aminiotic Cavity

Primary ectoderm

Primary endoderm
 Day 9 - Embryonic development
1. Blastocyst is more deeply embedded into endometrium
leaving the coagulation plug

2. Syncyiotrophoblast expands and spaces ( vacuoles) appear-

vacuoles fuse and form large lacunas- LACUNAR stage

3. Hypoblast expands – at abembryonic pole and forma a thin

membrane (HEUSER’S ) lining the inner surface of the
cytotrophoblast- making the exocoelomic cavity or primitive
yolk sac
 Day 9 of embryonic development

Maternal
Capillaries invade
the lacuna
 Day 11 and 12

1. Blastocyst is embedded completely

2. It produces small protrusion in uterine cavity
3. Trophoblast have lacunar spaces at embryonic pole
4. Cells of syncytiotrophoblast penetrate deep and erode
endothelial lining of maternal capillaries
5. Syncytial lacunas becomes continuous with maternal capillaries
it fills up with blood
6. This establishes the uteroplacental circulation
1. A new population of cells derived from the yolk sac cells forms a
loose connective tissue- EXTRAEMBRYONIC mesoderm.

2. It develops between cytotophoblastic layer and exocoelomic

cavity.

3. It grows up and fill up Trophoblast outside and amnion and

exocoelomic membranes inside except for a connecting stalk.

4. It grows up and spaces starts appearing in it which fuses and

gives rise to another cavity called EXTRAEMBRYONIC cavity/
Chorionic cavity.

5. Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm and extraembryonic

splanchnopleuric mesoderm develops.
 Day-13
1. The surface defect in the epithelium is healed

2. Bleeding occurs at the site of implantation site- increase

in the blood flow to the lacunar spaces

3. This bleeding corresponds with the bleeding of 28th day

of menstrual cycle

4. Primary villi formed in Trophoblast.

5. Hypoblast produces a additional layer of cells inside

exocoelomic membrane and form a new cavity-
SECONDARY YOLK SAC

6. During its formation large part of it is pinched off and

is represented as exocoelomic cysts
 Day 14
Definitive yolk sac loses contact with primary yolk sac
The amnion is dorsal and the yolk sac is ventral

primary Stem
villus

Chorionoic
cavity
 APPLIED ASPECT
1. Abnormal implantation– intrauterine
extra uterine
2. Hydatidiform mole
Week 3
 Week-3

• Bilaminar to trilaminar disc- Gastrulation

• Three primary “germ” layers: all body tissues

develop from these
• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
 Primitive streak
It is a linear band of thickened epiblast that first appears at the
caudal end of the embryo and grows cranially. At the cranial end its
cells proliferate to form the primitive knot (primitive node). With the
appearance of the primitive streak it is possible to distinguish
cranial (primitive knot) and caudal (primitive streak) ends of the
embryo.
 Gastrulation
1. It begins with the formation of primitive streak
2. It becomes clearly visible in 15-16 day embryo.
3. Cephalic end is called primitive node which surrounds a
small pit called primitive pit.
4. Cells of the epiblast starts migrating towards it and become
flask shaped. They detach from epiblast and slip beneath
it.
5. The process is called as invagination.
6. Cell migration and specification are controlled by fibroblast
growth factor 8 (FGF8).
 1. Once the cells invaginate some displace the
hypoblast and forms endoderm.
2. Others come to lie between epiblast and endoderm
to form mesoderm.
3. Remaining cells in the epiblast forms the ectoderm

**Epiblast thus forms all the germs layers by the process of gastrulation
1. More and more cells move between the epiblast
and hypoblast and spread laterally and cranially.
2. They migrate beyond the margin of the disc and
establish connections with extraembryonic
mesoderm.
3. Crainially they pass on each side of the precordal
plate.
 1. At the end of 2nd
week some of the
hypoblast cells
become tall columnar
and form a circular
thickened area called
prechordal plate.

2. Prechordal plate is an important organizer of head region and

indicate future site of mouth
 Formation of notochord
Prenotochordal cells invaginate through primitive
node and move forward cranially in the midline and
reach prechordal plate.
• A sheet of cells first formed between epiblast and
hypoblast
• Then forms a solid rod of cells the definative
notochord
• This forms the basis of axial skeleton.
• For a period primitive pit connects the yolk sac and
the canal is called as neuroenteric canal.
Notochordal process is canalized by the extension of
primitive pit in to it

Floor of the notochordal canal fuses with the endoderm of

the roof of yolk sac and degenerates

temporary communication is set up between yolk sac and

amniotic cavity
Remains of notochordal process infolds and
become rod like process notochord

Proximal part of neurenteric canal persists

As definitive notochord forms it detaches from

ectododerm and endoderm again becomes
continuous layer again
 Importance of notochord
• It forms the axis of embryo and gives rigidity

• Basis for development of axial skeleton

• Indicates the future site of vertebral bodies

• Acts as inducer for neural plate formation

primordium of CNS
1. Cloacal membrane is formed at the caudal end of the
embryonic disc which is similar to buccopharyngeal
membrane.
2. As it appears posterior wall of the yolk sac forms a
small diverticulum in to the stalk.
3. This is called as allantoenteric diverticulum/allantois
(16th day)
4. It remains rudimentary but may be involved with the
abnormalities of urinary bladder.
 1. Establishment of body axes takes place before
and during gastrulation.
The primitive streak is initiated and maintained
by transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β)

Embryonic disc grows and elongates-

Head end expands and tail end narrows
Primitive streak- tail end continues to supply cells until the end
of 4 weeks
 Applied
• 3rd week is a highly sensitive stage for
teratogenic insult- genetic/ toxic

• Tumors- sacrococcygeal teratomas due to the

remnants of primitive streak in sacrococcygeal
region
Trophoblast at the end of third week
 Neurulation- formation of neural tube

① differentiation of ectoderm: from 18th –19th days

---neural plate: neuro-epithelium(neural ectoderm):
pseudostratified columnar epi.
---neural fold
---neural groove
---neural tube: →CNS
/anterior neuropore: closed by 25th days
/posterior neuropore: closed by 27th days
---neural crest(mesoectoderm): two lines of cell
cords→ganglion
Major derivatives of the embryonic germ layers
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