PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M

Skeletal System

Skeletal System Classification of Bones

LONG BONES
Functions Key term
SUPPORT - longer than they are wide and have clubby
- bones provides the structural framework to ends
the entire body Example:
- bones where the muscles are attached ● femur, tibia, humorous, bones in the
phalanges
MOVEMENT
- joints facilitate the movement SHORT BONES
- Joints - found in the junction between Key term
bones - cube-like/ cuboidal
Example:
PROTECTION ● bones in the carpal
- thoracic cage or ribcage for the lungs and
the heart and cranium for the brain FLAT BONES
Key term
PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS - like sheets of clay that was molded
- “Hematopoiesis” - production of blood Example:
cells in general ● ribs, sternum, and parietal bone
- Erythropoiesis - red blood cells which are
produced in the red bone marrow IRREGULAR BONES
- Yellow bone marrow produces fats Key term
- no definite shape
Two General Classifications - has projections called processes
- 80 bones Example:
- comprises of the midline: head, neck, and ● vertebrae, bones in the spinal column
trunk
- comprised of the midline (head, neck, and SESAMOID BONES
the trunk) - bones that grow in tendons
- grows where friction is highly evident
APPENDICULAR SKELETON - absorbs impact such as the knees when
- 126 bones of the arms and legs you fall
- Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdle: attach Example:
arms and legs to trunk ● patella
- upper and lower extremities
- two girdles: pectoral and pelvic
- attached to the axial skeleton
Teeth is just an accessory organ such as for
mastication; not a bone.
It consists of central incisors, lateral incisors,
canines, 2 pairs of premolar, 3 pairs of molars
There are 206 bones in a normal adult.
(last pair is the wisdom teeth).
Children have more bones since their bodies
The hardest structure of the teeth is the
are still developing – still haven’t fused.
ENAMEL, which is also why teeth take the
Cranium of babies features separate bones
longest to degrade.
which will fuse after some time.
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Skeletal System

SPHENOID BONE
The purpose of brushing the teeth is to remove
the plaque and cavities, which may become - Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior
tartar (calculus) once it hardens. portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of
Fluoride - active ingredient of toothpaste. cranium anterior to temporal bones
Our teeth are prone to acid degradation. - Sella turcica - a hollow structure meant to
Fluoride will form a complex with the hold the pituitary gland
hydroxyapatite (forming hydroxyfluorapatite)
which may combat acid degradation/ attacks.
ETHMOID BONE
- Anterior portion of cranium, including medial
Axial System surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity.
- Cranial bones - adjacent to the sphenoid bone
- Facial Bones - Nasal conchae - forms the wall of
- Spinal column nasal cavities; for proper
- Sternum, Ribs, Hyoid bone humidification of the air that goes
inside the body
Cranial Bones - superior and middle and
- associated with the lobes of the brain nasal concha

Frontal bone Anterior part EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

- Leads to eardrum and middle ear
Parietal bone Sides and roof
REMEMBER MIS / HAS
Occipital bone Posterior portion and
floor 1. Malleus / hammer
2. Incus / anvil
Temporal bone Inferior to parietal 3. Stapes / stirrup
bones on each side of
the cranium Cranial Bones
- Temporomandibular
Maxillae
joint
- Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard
palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity,
SUTURE floors of eye orbits
- joints in the function of the bones that fused
- immovable joints, where the bones was Mandible
fused - Lower jawbone
- Only movable skull bone
lambdoid Between the parietal - The temporomandibular joint facilitates the
and occipital bone movement of the mandible for opening of
the mouth, mastication.
sagittal Between the parietal
bone
Nasal bone
coronal Between the parietal - Form bridge of nose
and frontal
Lacrimal bones
squamous Between the parietal - Medial surfaces of eye orbits
and occipital
- lacrimal glands- responsible for the
production of tears
PHA618: Human Physiology and Pathophysiology M
Skeletal System

Zygomatic bones
- Cheek bones
- Form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

Facial features differ in every person due to bone

structure.

Vomer \
- In midline of nasal cavity, forms nasal
septum with the ethmoid bone
- The ethmoid bone is superior to the vomer

Inferior nasal conchae

- Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

Palatine bones
- Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral
wall of nasal cavity

Hyoid bone
- U-shaped bone
- supports and holds the tongue muscle