2 zygomatic bones – cheekbones
Science nasal bones - which make up the bridge of
Skeletal System
- Consists of 206 bones in an adult body
- Ligaments, cartilage, joints and bones make up
20% of a person’s body mass
Bones
- Two sections: axial skeleton and appendicular
skeleton
 Axial skeleton-made of skull, vertebral
column and thoracic cage
 Appendicular skeleton – made more or
less of limbs
Axial skeleton
- Skull
 Made of 22 different bones
 Cranial bones – protects the brains
 Facial bones- gives structure to the face
- Most of the bones in the skull are made up
of flat bones and in the cranium these are
connected at serrated lines called sutures
- Cranium – made of a vault and base
-Base is divided into interior, middle, and
prosterior cranial fassae. Together these
produce the cranial cavity where the brain
sits.
- there are also ear cavity and nasal cavities
as well as orbits which house the eye
- there are 8 cranial bones – the frontal
bone, 2 large parietal bones, the occipital
bone, 2 temporal bone, sphenoid bone, and
the ethmoid bone. These are connected with
sutures- coronal, sagittal, lambnoid,
squamous, occipitomastoid sutures
- foramina - holes that nerves and arteries
and veins passes through. Most notably, the
foramen magnum at the base of the skull
through which the spinal cord passes.
- fourteen parts of the facial bones:
Mandible – lower jawbone
2 Maxillary bones- form the upper jaw and
the part of the face
the bones,
lacrimal bones, palatine bones, the vomer,
the inferior nasal caonchae
hyoid bone – which sits just below the
mandible and does note connect with any
other bone
Vertebral or spinal column or spine
- Comprised with 26 irregular bones that come
together to form a flexible structure in a curvy s-
shape, and this supports everything from the
skull to the pelvis
- 5 sections:
Cervical vertebrae – at the top, first 7
Thoracic vertebrae – the next 12
Lumbar vertebrae - the remaining 5
- The vertebrae gets larger as we go down in
order to support more and more weight
- Below the vertebrae we can find the sacrum
which is 5 vertebrae fused together and lastly,
below the sacrum there is the coccyx otherwise
known as tailbone, which is made of few tine
vertebrae fused together.
- There are lots of ligaments keeping everything
In the spine together. the main ones are the
interior and prosterior longitudinal ligaments
running down the front and back of the column
from the neck to the sacrum.
- There are shorter ligaments that connect
adjacent vertebrae as well as intervertebral
discs. These are the cushiony pads ,ade of a
nucleus pulposus which is the more elastic part
surrounded by annulus fibrosus with lots of
collagen. These are found in between the each
vertebra acting as shock absorbers when we run
and jump.
- Structure of vertebra: `\All have a body and a
vertebral arch. The holes is called the vertebral
foramen and the spinal cord passes through
here. The vertebral arch is made of two pedicles
and two laminae and from these project various
processes. These are the spinous process, two
transverse processes, as well as the superior
and the inferior articular processes
- The vertebrae vary slightly depending on where
they are found in the column:
Cervical vertebrae have spinous process that is
very short a vertebral foramen that is large and
 an additional transverse foramen to
accommodate vertebral arteries.
Thoracic vertebrae have a spinous process that
is long and points down and they also exhibit
structures called demifacets which connect to
the ribs
Lumbar vertebrae being much larger have
pedicles and laminae that are short and thick, as
well as other slight discrepancies.
Thoracic cage
- Comprised of the sternum and the ribs as well
as a lot of costal cartilage
- Sternum is a flat bone right in the middle of the
thorax and it is made from three smaller bones
that have fused together. From top to bottom
these are the manubrium, the body and the
xiphoid process
There are 12 pairs of ribs that project from the vertebrae
The first seven ribs attach directly to the sternum via
sections of costal cartilage and these are called true ribs
Then there are five pairs of false ribs, three of which
attach to the sternum indirectly, with costal cartilage from
ribs above, and then the last two are are called floating
ribs, because they don’t attach to the sternum at all
Ribs are flat bones that get longer going from one pair to
seven, and then shorter again from eight to twelve.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Mainly just our limbs, there are other
components mention as well
Pectoral girdle
- Comprised of the clavicle, or collarbone, and the
scapula, or the shoulder blade, which together
give structure to the shoulder, thereby attaching
the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
Clavicle
- Has a sternal end where it attaches to the
manubrium, and an acromial end, which joins
the scapula
Scapula
- Thin, flat bone, roughly triangular, and has three
borders, the superior, the medial or vertebral
and the lateral or axillary
Upper limb
- Consists of arm, forearm and hand
Arm
- We find the humerus, a typical long bone, with
its greater and lesser tubercle, radial groove,
medial and lateral epicondyle, radial and
coronoid fossa, trochlea and capitulum
Forearm
- Two bones, the ulna and radius
- These are connected all the way down by the
interosseous membrane, a flexible ligament
Ulna
- Slightly longer, with its olecranon and coronoid
process
Radius
- Goes from wide to thin the other way, with a thin
head, the radial tuberosity, and a radial styloid
process
Hand
- Has many separate bones
- The carpus, or the wrist, is made of eight short
bones called carpals – these are scaphoid,
lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate and hamate
- 5 metacarpals, which make up the palm of the
hand, and they are simply named one through
five, from thumb to pinky.
- These connect to the phalanges, which are the
bones that make up the fingers. There are
fourteen of these bones per hand, three per
finger, which are distal, middle, and proximal
phalanges, except the thumb which has two, as
it has no middle phalanx
Pelvic Girdle
- Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
just like the pectoral girdle did for the upper
limbs, although this one has far less mobility and
far more stability than the other.
- Starts at the sacrum, we described earlier, and
continues with two hip bones. These are made
 of three separate bones at birth, which fuse to
become one by adulthood, but we still describe
the regions of the hip bone as being the ilium,
ischium, and pubis.

Lower limb

- Contains very thick bones, allowing us to run

and jump effectively.

Thigh

- Made of a single bone just like the arm, and this

one is called femur, which is the largest bone in
the body
- Here we see the head, with a small pit called
fovea capitis. Then the greater and lesser
trochanter, the intertrochanteric crest, the gluteal
tuberosity, linea aspera, medial and lateral
condyles, and epicondyles, intercondylar fossa
and patella

Leg

- Like the forearm, contains two bones, the tibia

and the fibula. Again, we see the interosseous
membrane between them
Tibia
 We see the medial, and lateral condyle,
the intercondylar eminence, tibial
tuberosity, anterior border, medial
malleolus, and fibular notch

Fibula

 Much thinner, with its head and lateral

malleolus

Foot

- Similar to the hand

- Tarsus, made of seven bones called tarsals. The
biggest two, the talus and calcaneus, make up
the ankle. Then there is the cuboid, the
navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and
lateral cuneiform bones.
- Next we see, the metatarsus, with five long
metatarsals, again numbered one through five
- Also like the hand we see 14 phalanges, three
per toe, except two the big toe, also known as
hallux.
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