SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Around 206 bones are found in an adult.

 Cartilage, joints and ligaments makes up around 20% of a person’s body
mass.

Human skeleton is divided into two sections: axial

skeleton/bones and appendicular skeleton/bones.

Axial Skeleton/Bones

 found in the head and torso

 made up of skull, vertebral column/spinal cord,
thoracic cage

Appendicular Skeleton/Bones

 found in appendages/limbs
 made up of arms, legs, pelvis and shoulders

Axial Skeleton/Bones

Skull Cranial bones –

protects the brain
 made up of 22 different bones
 it contains mainly flat bones
Facial bones – gives
structure to the face

Cranium

 cranial bones are connected at serrated lines called sutures

 made up of vault and base
 base is divided into three fossae: anterior cranial fossa, middle cranail
fossa, posterior cranial fossa => produces the cranial cavity where the
brain sits

Foramina – holes
that nerves, arteries
Foramen magnum –
and veins pass
hole for the spinal cord
through
  there are 8 cranial bones – frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietal, occipital
and 2 temporal which are connected by sutures (coronal, sagittal,
lambdoid, squamous and occipitomastoid)

 There are other cavities as well:

Facial bones

 made up of 14 facial bones: maxillary, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, nasal,

palatine, zygomatic (with 2 bones each respectively), mandible, vomer and
hyoid => not part of skull; below mandible; not connected with other
bones

Vetebral Column/Spinal Column/Spine

 it has 26 irregular bones

 forms an s-shape that supports everything form skull to the pelvis
*Note: vetebrate gets larger downwards to support more and more weight

 Ligaments found in the spine which keeps everything together:

 anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (main ligament) –
running down the front and back of the column from neck to
sacrum
 shorter ligaments connects adjacent vertebrate and
intervertebral discs => cushiony pads made of nucleus
pulposus which is the more elastic part; surrounded by
anulus fibrosus with lots of collagen; found in each
vertebra; acting as shock absorbers

Vertebra

 have a body and a vertebral arch

 vertebral arch: made up of two pedicles and two laminae, and spinous
process, two transverse processes, superior and inferior articular
processes
  vertebral foramen: a hole which spinal cord passes through

 Vary slightly depending on where they are found in the column.

 Cervical vertebrae – have a very short spinous process; a large
vertebral foramen and additional transverse foramen to
accommodate vertebral arteries.
 Thoracis vertebra – have a long spinous process that points
downs; have demifacets which connect to the ribs.
 Lumbar vertebra – much larger; have short and thick pedicles
and laminae as well as other slight discrepancies.

Thoracic Cage

 comprised of sternum, ribs and a lot of costal cartilage

Sternum

 a flat bone right in the middle of the thorax

 made from three smaller bone that have fused
together

Ribs

 flat bones that get longer going one pair to seven (true ribs) and the shorter
again from eight to twleve (false ribs).
 True ribs – first seven pairs; attached to sternum via sections of
costal cartilage.
 False ribs – five pairs; three of which attach to sternum indirectedly
with costal cartilage from ribs above; last two of which are called
floating ribis because they don’t attach to sternum at all.

Appendicular Skeleton/Bones
Pectoral girdle

 comprised of clavicle/collarbone
and scapula/shoulder blade which
give structure to the shoulder
 attaching the upper limbs to the
axial bones
 clavicle – has sternal end where it attaches to the manubrium;
acromial end which joins scapula
 scapula – thin, flat bone, roughly triangular; has 3 borders – superior,
medial/vertebral, lateral/axillary

Upper Limb

 consists of arm, forearm and hand

Humerus – long bone with greater and lesser tubercle,

radial groove, medial and lateral epicondyle, radial and
coronoid fossa, trochlea and capitulum.

Ulna – slightly longer with olecranon and coronoid

process.
Radius – goes from wide to thin way; thin head, radial
tuberosity, and radial styloid process.
Both are connected by interosseous membrane, a flexible
ligament.

Carpus/Wrist – made of eight short bones called carpals –

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate and hamate.
Metacarpals – make up the palm of hand; simply named as
1-5 from thumb to pinky; connect to phalanges.
Phalanges – bones that make up your fingers; fourteen
bones per hand and three bones per finger (except thumb
which has two; no middle phalanx) namely distal, middle
and proximal phalanges.

Pelvic girdle

 attaches the lower limbs to

the axial skeleton
 has far less mobility and far
more stability than pectoral
girdle
  it starts from sacrum to two hip bones which are made of 3 separate bones
by birth and fuses to become one by adulthood (region of hip bones) –
ilium, ischium and pubis

Lower Limbs

 contains very thick bones that allows us to run and jump effectively

Femur – largest bone in the body; head, fovea capitis

(small pit), greater and lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric
crest, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial and lateral
condyles, epicondyles, intercondylar fossa and patella.

Tibia – larger than fibula; medial and lateral condyles,

intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior border,
medical malleolus and fibular notch.
Fibula – much thinner with its head and lateral malleolus.
Both are connected by interosseous membrane just like ulna
and radius.

Tarsals – made of seven bones; biggest two are talus and

calcaneus which make up the ankle, cuboid, navicular,
medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform bones.
Metatarsals – five long bones; named as 1-5
Phalanges – fourteen bones per foot and three per toe
(except the big toe which has two called hallux).