SKELETAL SYSTEM
Introduction
 Bones, joints, and muscles working
together form the musculoskeletal
system.
Division of the Skeletal System
 The axial skeleton consists of bones
arranged along the longitudinal axis.
The parts of the axial skeleton are the
skull, auditory ossicles (ear bones),
hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum,
and ribs.
Types of bones
 Shape: bones are classified as long,
short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.
Sesamoid bones develop in tendons or
ligaments.
 Sutural bones – found within the sutures
of some cranial bones.
Bones Surface Markings
 Surface markings – structural features
visible on the surfaces of bones.
 Each marking (depression, an opening,
or a process) is structured for a specific
function, such as joint formation, muscle
attachment, or passage of nerves and
blood vessels.
Skull
 Consists of 22 cranial and facial bones.
 8 cranial bones: frontal, 2 parietal, 2
temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and
ethmoid.
 14 facial bones: 2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2
zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2
inferior nasal conchae, vomer, and
mandible.
 The nasal septum consists of the vomer,
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and
septal cartilage. It divides the nasal
cavity into right and left sides.
 7 skull bones form each side of the
orbits(eye sockets)
 The formina of the skull bones provide
passage for nerves and blood vessels.
 Sutures are immovable joints that
connect most bones of the skulls
(coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and
squamous sutures)
 Paranasal sinuses – cavities in bones of
the skull that communicate with the naal
cavity. They are lined by mucous
membranes. The cranial bones
containing paranasal sinuses are frontal,
sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae.
 Fontanels are fibrous, connective tissue
membrane-filled spaces between the
cranial bones of fetuses, and infants.
The major fontanels are the anterior,
posterior, anterolaterals, and
posterolateral. After birth, they fill in
with bone and become sutures.
Hyoid bone
 U-shaped bone; does not articulate
with any other bone.
 Supports the tongue and provides
attachment for some tongue muscles
and for some muscles of the
pharynx and the neck.
Vertebral Column
 The vertebral column, sternum, and
ribs constitute the skeleton of the trunk
of the body.
 26 bones of the adult vertebral column
are the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic
vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum
(5 fused together), and the coccyx (4
fused vertebra)
 The vertebral column contains the
normal curves (cervical, thoracic,
 lumbar, and sacral) that give strength,
support, and balance.
 The vertebrae are similar in structure,
each usually consisting of a body,
vertebral arch, and seven processes.
Vertebrae in the different regions of the
column vary in size, shape, and detail.
Thorax
 Thoracic skeleton – consists of the
sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and
thoracic vertebrae.
 Thoracic cage – protects vital organs in
the chest area and upper abdomen.
The Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Each consists of a clavicle and scapula.
 Attaches an upper limb to the axial
skeleton.
Upper Limb
 60 bones in the 2 upper limbs
(extremities)
 The bones of each upper limb (humerus,
ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges)
Pelvic (Shoulder) Girdle
 Consist of two hip bones.
 Each consists of 3 fused components:
ilium, pubis, and ischium.
 Hip bone + sacrum + pubic symphysis =
pony pelvis. It supports the vertebral
column and the pelvic viscera and
attaches the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton.
 True pelvis – separated from the false
pelvis by the pelvic brim.
Comparison of Female and Male Pelvis
 Bones of males are generally larger
and heavier. They are more prominent
markings for muscle attachments.
 The female pelvis is adapted for
pregnancy and childbirth.
Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles
 Pectoral girdle – does not directly
articulate with the vertebral column; the
pelvic girdle does.
 The glenoid fossae of the scapulae are
shallow and maximize movement; the
acetabula of the hip bones are deep and
allow less movement.
Lower limb
 60 bones in the 2 lower limbs
(extremities)
 Bones of each lower limb: femur,
patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals,
and phalanges.
 Bones of the foot: arranged in 3 arches,
longitudinal arch, and the transverse
arch, to provide support and leverage.
Joints
Introduction
 Joint (articulation or arthrosis) is a
point of contact between 2 bones,
between bones and cartilage, or
between bone and teeth.
 Joint structure may permit no
movement, slight movement, or free
movement.
Joint Classification
 Based on the presence or absence of
synovial cavity, type of connecting
tissue.
  Classifies as fibrous, cartilaginous, or
synovial.
 Functional classification of joints is
based on the degree of movement
permitted.
 May be synarthroses (immovable),
amphiarthroses (Slightly moveable), or
diathroses (freely moveable).

Fibrous Joints

 Bones held together by fibrous

connective tissue.
 Includes sutures (found between skull
bones), slightly moveable syndesmoses
(dista tibiofibular joint) and immovable
gomphoses (roots of teeth in alveoli of
mandible and maxilla).
MUSCLE TISSUE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
NERVOUS TISSUE