SKELETAL SYSTEM GENERAL FEATURES OF A BONE

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

1. SUPPORT
 forms the internal framework that supports &
anchors all soft organs
2. PROTECTION
 arrangement of bones in the skeleton provides
protection for the internal organs
3. ATTACHMENT SITES FOR SKELETAL MUSCLES
& MOVEMENT
 skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons
use the bones as levers to move the body &
its parts
4. STORAGE
 fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones
 serves as a storehouse for minerals (Ca, Ph)
5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION
 red marrow in spongy bone forms RBC, WBC,
& platelets
 HEMATOPOIESIS – formation and maturation
of blood cells

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
I. TWO (2) BASIC TYPES OF BONE
1. COMPACT/CORTICAL BONE
 dense and looks smooth & homogeneous
 heavy, tough and compact in nature
 made up of osteons
 fills the outer layer of most bones
 bone-marrow cavity present in the center
 bone marrow stores fat
 forms the shaft or diaphysis of long bones
2. SPONGY/CANCELLOUS/TRABECULAR BONE
 composed of small needle-like pieces of bone
& lots of open space
 light, spongy and soft in nature
 made up of trabeculae
 fills the inner layer of most bones
 bone-marrow cavity absent
 bone marrow produces red corpuscles and
white granular corpuscles
 forms the ends or epiphysis of long bones
II. ACCORDING TO SHAPES  3 (6) small bones in the middle ear
1. LONG BONES - Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil),
 typically longer Stirrup (Stapes)
 with a shaft with heads at both ends  1 Hyoid bone
 mostly compact bone b. Vertebral Column (Spine)
 ex: bones of the limbs (expect wrist & ankle  extends from the skull which it supports
bones) to the pelvis where it transmits the
2. SHORT BONES weight of the body to the lower limbs
 cube-shaped  surrounds & protects the spinal cord,
 mostly spongy bone the central cavity of the ventral column
 ex: wrist & ankle bones  26 total bones
3. FLAT BONES - 7 Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
 thin, flattened, usually curved - 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
 with 2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching - 5 Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
a layer of spongy bone - 1 Sacrum – fusion of 5 vertebrae
 ex: skull, sternum - 1 coccyx – fusion of 3-5 small,
4. IRREGULAR BONES irregularly shaped vertebrae;
 bones that don’t fit one of the preceding human tailbone (remnant of the tail
categories that other vertebrae animals have)
 ex: vertebrae, hip bones c. Thorax
 thoracic cage – forms a protective,
cone-shaped cage of slender bones
BONE MARKINGS around the organs of the thoracic cavity
 supports upper trunk, shoulder girdle &
1. PROJECTIONS OR PROCESS
upper extremities
 grow out from the bone surface
 Parts:
2. DEPRESSIONS OR CAVITIES
- 1 Sternum or breastbone
 indentations in the bone
- 12 pairs of ribs (24 ribs)
 7 pairs : TRUE RIBS – attached
directly to the sternum by
TWO (2) DIVISIONS
coastal cartilages
1. AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES)  5 pairs : FALSE RIBS –
 bones that form the longitudinal axis of the attached to the cartilage of the
body 7th true rib with the last two
 Three (3) parts: pairs as the “floating ribs”
a. Skull  INTERCOASTAL SPACES –
 Cranium spaces between ribs filled with
- composed of 8 large flat bones intercostal muscle which aid in
 1 Frontal bone breathing
 2 Parietal bone 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES)
 2 Temporal bone  bones of the limbs (appendages) & the girdles
 1 Occipital bone (pectoral & pelvic)
 1 Sphenoid bone  attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton
 1 Ethmoid bone a. Shoulder/Pectoral Girdle
 Facial  2 Clavicle or collarbone
- 14 bones  2 Scapulae or shoulder blades (wings)
 2 Maxillary bone b. Upper Limbs
 2 Palatine bone  Arm
 2 Zygomatic bone - 2 Humerus
 2 Lacrimal bone  Forearm
 2 Nasal bone - 2 Radius
 1 Vomer bone - 2 Ulna
 2 Inferior Conchae
 1 Mandible  Hand
 - 8 (16) carpals  proximal
- 5 (10) metacarpals  distal
- 14 (28) phalanges
 Carpals (SLT3PCH)
- Scaphoid BONE DEVELOPMENT
- Lunate
I. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform  the skeleton is made of cartilage and
- Trapezium fibrous connective tissue; gradually
- Trapezoid replaced by bone
- Capitate  Osteoblasts – cells that produce bone
- Hamate matrix (osteo – bone; blast cell – growing
 Metacarpals or producing cell)
 Phalanges  Ossification – production of bone matrix;
- 3 in each finger (except thumb) begins in a center of ossification in each
 proximal
bone
 middle
1. INTRAMEMBRANOUS
 distal
- pollex (thumb)
 osteoblasts begin to produce bone in
 proximal connective tissue membranes
 distal  occurs primarily in the skull
c. Pelvic Girdle  osteoblasts
 2 coxal (hip) bones a. line up on the surface of the
- Three (3) bones of each hip bone connective tissue fibers
 Ilium – a large flaring bone that b. begin depositing bone matrix to form
forms most of the hip bone trabeculae then radiate out from
 Ischium – “sit-down” bone
centers & replaced finally by
 Pubis – most anterior part of a
compact bone
coxae
 these three fuse at the deep
2. ENDOCHONDRAL
socket called ACETABULUM  chondrocytes – cartilage cells;
that receives the head of the increase in number & hypertrophy
thigh bone (enlarge)
d. Lower Limbs  cartilage matrix calcifies; blood
 2 Femur (thigh bone) vessels accumulate
 2 Leg  osteoblasts are formed then begin to
- 2 Tibia (shinbone) form trabeculae
- 2 Fibula
 2 Patella
 7 (14) Tarsals (ankles)
TERMINOLOGIES
- TCN-MILC
 Talus 1. PROJECTIONS
 Calcaneus  Condyle
 Navicular  rounded projection for articulation with
 Cuboid another bone
 Cuneiform (Medial,  e.g. lower end of femur
Intermediate, Lateral)  Crest
 5 (10) Metatarsals (instep)  ridge
 14 (28) Phalanges (toes)  e.g. upper border of hip bone
- 3 in each toe (except thumb)  Head
 proximal  expanded end beyond a constricted portion
 middle (neck)
 distal  e.g. head of femur at the end of the neck of
- hallux (big toe) the bone)
  Process 2. STRUCTURE (Major Connective Tissue Type
 marked performance that Binds the Bones Together)
 e.g. olecranon process of the ulna  FIBROUS JOINTS
 Spine  consist of two bones that are united by
 sharp projection fibrous tissues
 e.g. spines of vertebrae  exhibit little or no movement
 Trochanter  e.g. sutures (between the bones of the
 very large process skull)
 e.g. upper end of femur  SYNDESMOSES – bones are separated
 Tubercle by some distance & are held together by
 small rounded projection ligaments
 e.g. deltoid tubercle of humerus  GOMPHOSES – pegs fitted into sockets
 Tuberosity & held in place by ligaments
 large roughened projection  CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
 e.g. ischium  unite two bones by means of cartilage
2. DEPRESSIONS  with slight movement
 Foramen  e.g. cartilage between ribs & sternum
 hole in bone  SYNOVIAL JOINTS
 e.g. foramen magnum in occipital lobe  freely movable joints
 Fossa  contain synovial fluid in a cavity
 shallow or hollow depression surrounding the ends of articulating
 e.g. mandibular fossa of temporal bones, bones
suprasinous fossa in scapula  Parts:
 Groove a. Articular cartilage
 long shallow depression b. Synovial membrane
 e.g. intertubercular groove at anterior c. Synovial fluid
surface of humerus) d. Bursae
 Sinus II. MOVEMENT
 air cavity in a bone 1. Ball and Socket
 e.g. frontal, ethmoid, maxillary sinus  acetabulum of hip bone and head of femur
 Meatus 2. Hinge
 tube-shaped opening in a bone  trochlea of humerus and semilunar notch of
 e.g external auditory meatus into tympanic ulna
membrane 3. Pivot
 atlas and odontoid process of axis
4. Gliding
JOINTS-ARTICULATIONS  carpals
5. Symphysis
I. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
 vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc
1. FUNCTION (Degree of Motion)
6. Saddle
 SYNARTHROSIS – immovable joint
 trapezium and metacarpal of thumb
 AMPHIARTHROSIS – slightly movable
 DIARTHROSIS – freely movable joint