Dept.

of Periodontology
New Horizon Dental College & Research Institute

Seminar on:
Osteology of Maxilla & Mandible
Muscles of Mastication

Guided by: Presented by:

Dr. P.V. Sunil Reddy (Professor & Head) Dr. Javeria Khan
Dr. Shailendra S. Chaturvedi (Reader) P.G. Student
Dr. Pramod V. (Reader)
Dr. Hiroj Bagde (Senior Lecturer)
Dr. Abhilasha Singh (Senior Lecturer)
CONTENTS

 Anatomy of maxilla & maxillary sinus

1. Age changes in maxilla

2. Applied anatomy

 Anatomy of mandible

1. Age changes in mandible

2. Applied anatomy

 Temporomandibular Joint

 Muscles of mastication

 Conclusion

 References
MAXILLA

 2nd largest bone of face

 Forms the upper jaw
 It contributes to the formation of:
1.Floor of the nose & orbit
2. Roof of mouth
3. Lateral wall of nose
4. Pterigopalatine & infratemporal fossae
5. Pterigomaxillary & infraorbital fissures

ANATOMY OF MAXILLA:

 Body (pyramidal shape)

1. Anterior surface

2. Posterior surface

3. Orbital surface

4. Nasal surface
  Processes

1. Zygomatic

2. Frontal

3. Alveolar

4. Palatine

Anterior Surface:

 Incisive Fossa gives origin to:

1. Depressor septi

2. Incisivus

 Canine fossa gives origin to:

1. Levator anguli oris

 Infraorbital foramen transmits infraorbital nerves & vessels

 Levator labi superioris

 Nasal notch gives origin to

1. Nasalis
 2. Depressor septi

 Anterior Nasal Spine

Posterior surface:

 Directed backwards and laterally

 Forms anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa

 Near the centre of posterior surface, opens 2 or 3 canals for posterior superior alveolar
vessels and nerves

 Posteroinferiorly, maxillary tuberosity gives origin to superficial head medial

pterigoid muscles

 Above maxillary tuberosity, the smooth surface forms anterior wall of pterygopalatine
fossa & is grooved by maxillary nerve.
Superior/Orbital Surface:

 Smooth and triangular

 Anterior border forms infraorbital margin

 The surface presents infraorbital groove leading to infraorbital canal opening into
infraorbital foramen transmitting nerves & vessels

 The canal gives off a branch laterally, the canalis sinuosus, for the passage of anterior
superior nerves & vessels.

 Medial border presents lacrimal notch (inferior oblique muscle of eyeball). Behind
this it articulates with;

1. Lacrimal

2. Labyrinth of ethmoid

3. Orbital process of palatine

 Posterior border is smooth, rounded & forms anterior part of infraorbital fissure.

 A little lateral to the lacrimal groove there is attachment of inferior oblique muscle of
eveball.

Nasal surface:

 Forms the lateral wall of nose.

 Posterosuperiorly, displays a large maxillary hiatus which leads into the maxillary
sinus.

 Behind the hiatus, the surface articulates with the perpendicular plate of palatine bone.

 In front of the hiatus, there is a nasolacrimal groove.

 More anteriorly concal crest for articulation with inferior nasal concha.
Maxillary sinus:
 Large pyramidal cavity

 Size: 3.7x2.5x3.7cm

 Opens in the middle meatus of nose

 The hiatus is reduced by,

1. Uncinate process of ethmoid (above)

2. Descending part of lacrimal bone (above)

3. Inferior nasal concha (below)

4. Perpendicular plate of palatine bone (behind)

Articulations of maxilla:

 Superiorly with 3 bones:

1. Nasal

2. Frontal

3. Lacrimal

 Medially with 5 bones:

1. Ethmoid

2. Inferior nasal concha

3. Vomer

4. Palatine

5. Opposite maxilla

 Laterally with:

1. zygomatic bone

Ossification of Maxilla:

 Intramembranous ossification

 3 centres of ossification:

1. One for maxilla proper (appears above canine fossa during 6th week of IUF)

2. Two for premaxilla

Mandible

• Largest and strongest bone of the face

• Curved horizontal body; convex forwards

• It has two rami which project upward from posterior end of the body

• The body is horse shoe shaped

External Surface

• Faint ridge: symphisis menti

• Mental protuberance in the triangular area below sympisis menti

• Mental tubercle on each side of mental protruberance

• Mental foramen between premolar teeth

• Oblique line

Internal Surface

• Myelohyoid line

• Sub mandibular fossa

• Sub lingual fossa

• Genial tubercle

• Myelohyoid groove

Borders

• Upper boder:

– Sockets for the mandibular teeth are present

• Lower border(Base) presents a digastric fossa

• Ramus

– Lateral Surface

– Medial Surface

• Mandibular foramen & canal

• Lingula- mylohyoid groove

• Inferior border is continuous with the angle of mandible

• Upper Border: Mandibular Notch

Processes:

– Condylar

– Coronoid

Age changes in mandible

Muscles of mastication

Primary

1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Medial pterygoid
4. Lateralpterygoid

Accessory

1. Infrahyoid
2. Strenohyoid
3. Thyrohyoid
4. Omohyoid
5. Suprahyoid
6. Digastric
7. Stylohyoid
8. Mylohyoid
9. Geniohyoid

They are functionally classified as:

 Jaw elevator

1. Masseter

2. Medialpterigoid

3. Temporalis

 Jaw depresser

1. Lateralpterigoid

2. Anterior Digastric

3. Geniohyoid

4. mylohyoid
MASSETER

Quadrilateral , thick covers lateral surface of ramus of mandible & it consists of three layers:

1. Superficial Layer
2. Middle Layer
3. Deep Layer

Superficial Layer

It is largest layer.
Origin : It arises from the anterior 2/3rd of the inferior border of zygomatic
arch & zygomatic process of maxilla.
Insertion: fibers of superficial layer pass downwards &
backwards to insert into angle & lateral surface of the mandibular ramus.
Middle Layer

 Origin : It arises from the medial aspect of the anterior two thirds & from the lower
border of the posterior third of the zygomatic arch.
 Insertion : fibers of middle layer inserts into the central part of the mandibular ramus.

Deep Layer

 Origin : It arises from deep surface of the zygomatic arch.

 Insertion : Fibers of the deep layer inserts into the upper part of the mandibular ramus
& into it’s coronoid process.

NERVE SUPPLY

 Massetric branch of mandibular nerve supplies to the masseter muscle.

BLOOD SUPPLY

 Maxillary artery , which is a branch of external carotid artery.

ACTION OF MASSETER

Elevates the mandible to close the mouth to bite .

Brings molars together for crushing & grinding “ Chewer muscle” .

Superficial muscles can cause protusion .

Small effect in side to side movement , retraction & minimal activity in resting
position.
TEMPORALIS

Largest of all muscles of mastication.

Fan shaped muscle.

Fills the temporal fossa.

ORIGIN

 Temporal fossa, excluding zygomatic bone.

 Temporal fascia : thick, aponeurotic sheet that roofs over the temporal fossa &
covers the temporalis muscle. Superiorly, the fascia is single layered & is attached
to superior temporal line. Inferiorly, it splits into two layers, which are attached to
inner & outer surfaces of upper border of zygomatic arch. small gap between two
layers contains superficial temporal artery & zygomatico temporal nerve .

Deep Surface gives origin to some fibers of temporalis muscles.

 Superiorly they run vertically

 Middle runs obliquely
 Posteriorly runs horizontally

All pass through gap deep to zygomatic arch.

INSERTION

 Deep surface of coronoid.

 Anterior border of ramus of mandible.

NERVE SUPPLY

Anterior & posterior deep temporal branches from the anterior division of mandibular
nerve.
BLOOD SUPPLY

The muscle receives its blood supply from the deep temporal arteries which anastomose
with the middle temporal arteries.

ACTIONS OF TEMPORALIS

Elevates the mandible .

Side to side gliding movements.

Retraction of protruded mandible.

MEDIAL PTERYGOID

It is also called pterygoidus internus or internal pterygoid muscle.

It is a quadrilateral muscle.

It has a small superficial head, large deep head.

ORIGIN & INSERTION

 It arises from lateral pterygoid plate (deep head), and from the maxillary
tuberosity(superficial head).
 Insertion is seen on the Medial surface of angle of the mandible.
FIBERS

• Runs downwards,backwards and laterally.

NERVE SUPPLY

• Branch of the main trunk of the mandibular nerve i.e. nerve to medial pterygoid.

BLOOD SUPPLY

• Pterygoid branch of 2nd part of maxillary artery.

FUNCTIONS

 Elevates themandible.
 Closes the jaw.
 Helps in side to side movement.

Palpation of medial pterigoid:

LATERAL PTERYGOID

Also known as pterygoideus externus or external pterygoid muscle.

Short, conical muscle.

Has two heads : upper , lower

ORIGIN

 Upper head – from infratemporal fossa and crest of greater wing of sphenoid
 Lower head – lateral pterygoid plate

INSERTION

 Fibers run backwards and laterally and converge for insertion into anterior side of
condyle & pterygoid fovea.
BLOOD SUPPLY

 Pterygoid branch of 2nd part of maxillary artery.

 NERVE SUPPLY

 Nerve to lateral pteygoid branch of anterior division of trigeminal nerve.

ACTION OF LATERAL PTERYGOID

• Assists in opening the mouth with suprahyoid muscles.

• Right lateral pterygoid and right medial pterygoid turns the chin to left side as a part
of grinding movement.
• When the lateral & medial pterygoids of two sides act together they protrude the
mandible so that the lower incisors project in front of the other.
• The upper (superior) head being involved in chewing.

The combinded efforts of the Digastrics and lateral Pterygoids provide for natural jaw
opening.
Medial and lateral pterygoid act together to protrude the mandible
REFERENCES

• B.D.Chaurasias, Human anatomy

• Shafer Textbook of oral pathology

• Grays Anatomy

THANK-YOU