Module 2 – Anat 100 (skeletal System)

Questions for Skeletal Systems Lab

 Examine bones of cranial vault and facial skeleton
 Identify which bones are paired and which are singular
 Looking at an anterior (frontal) view of the ribs speculate why 11 and 12 are called floating ribs
 Compare the bones of the upper limb to the bones of the lower limb (list three differences and
three similarities between)

Skeletal System Introduction - Section 1

 Composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments
 Accounts for 20% body mass
 Includes 206 named bones
 Divided into two divisions (axial and appendicular skeletons)

Bone Video
 Inside bones = nerves and blood vessels
 Younger = more bones
 As get older fuse together and make less bones

5 main functions of the skeletal system

 Support
o Large bones of lower limbs act as pillars for the body trunk
o Ribs anchor thoracic wall
o Framework anchors all soft organs
 Movement
o Skeletal muscles use bones as levers
 Protection
o Rib cage encloses thoracic cavity and skull
o Vertebrae surround soft tissue of nervous system
 Storage
o Reservoir for minerals and fat
o Can be tapped into at anytime and released for use
o Yellow marrow = stores fat
 Hematopoiesis
o Red marrow = production of blood cells
o Occurs within marrow cavities of bones

Major characteristics of skeletal system

 Axial
o Skull vertebral column, ribs, sternum
 Appendicular
o Rest of bones in body
o Upper limb and lower limb

5 major types of Bones

 Flat bones (skull)
o Large surface area
 o Muscle attachments, protection of organs
 Long Bones
o Longer then they are wide
o Femur
o Most common in appendicular skeleton
 Epiphysis
 Knobby
 Enlarged regions at end
 Form joints
 Attachment site for tendons and ligaments
 Metaphysis
 Part between epi and dia
 Diaphysis
 Elongated cylindrical shaft
o Additional features of long bones
 Articular Cartilage
 Covers epiphysis, reduces frictions between joints, absorbs shock in moveable
joints
 Hyaline cartilage (because lines joint surface)
 Periosteum
 Tough sheath dense irregular connective tissue
 Covers surface of bone except for areas covered by articular cartilage
 Protects bone
 Blood vessels and nerves
 Cells responsible for forming new bone tissue
 Medullary Cavity
 Blood cell production occurs in bone marrow here
 Short bones
o Wide as they are tall
o Stability and some movement
o Wrist bones
 Sesamoid bone
o Embedded in tendon
o Patella (kneecap)
 Irregular bones
o Doesn’t fit other categories
o Vertebrae

Section 2 - Bone and Cartilage

Basic Composition of Bone

 Every bone is composed two layers
o Outer cortical layer
 Compact bone
 Strong and hard
o Inner cancellous layer
 Spongy bone
 Porous
  Blood cells produced in bone marrow here

Section 3 - Axial Skeleton

 Skull
o 22 bones
o 2 sets of bones make up skull
 Cranial (8 bones) - protection for brain
 7 of these bones form a roof (cranial vault) and floor (cranial base) enclosing
space (cranial cavity)
 Frontal (1bone)
 Forms forehead and roof of orbits (eye sockets)

 Temporal (2 bones)
 Form lateral and inferior walls of skull
 Sphenoid (1bone)
 Key stone of skull
 Joins cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost all skull
bones

 Parietal (2 bones)
 Paired
 Form superior and lateral surfaces of skull

 Occipital (1 bone)
 Forms posterior wall and base of skull

 Foremen magnum (big hole)

  Allows the spinal cord to exit cranial cavity
 Occipital condyles
 Articulate with the first bone in the neck
 Sutures
 Attachments, articulations between flat bones of skull
 Coronal
 Junction between frontal and parietal bones

 Sagittal
 Junction between parietal bones

 Lambdoid
 Junction between occipital and parietal bones


 Squamous
 Junction between temporal and parietal bones

 Cranial Vault
 Dome shaped bony roof of skull encases brain
 Formed by frontal, partial and occipital bones (flat)
 Skullcap (AKA)
 Cranial Base
  Fossa = depression in bone
 Floor of cranium (cranial base) - brain sits contains 3 fossae
 Anterior
 Middle
 Posterior


 Facial (14 bones)
 Maxillary Bones (Maxillae) (2 bones)
 Paired
 Upper jaw bones

 Nasal Bones (2 bones)

 Paired
 Articulate with frontal bone
 Form bridge of nose

 Zygomatic (2 bones)
 Paired
 Form cheekbones
  Mandible
 Single
 Forms lower jaw

 Vertebral Column
o Adult spine = 26 bones
 24 vertabrae
 1 sacrum
 1 coccyx

 Divisions of the vertebral column (spine)

 Cervical (7 vertebrae)

 Thoracic (12 vertebrae)

  Lumbar (5 vertebrae)

 Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

 Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

o Vertebrae structure
 Body (anterior)
 Vertebral arch (posterior): extends into spinous and transverse process
 Spinous process: extending posteriorly
 Transverse process: paired, extending laterally
 Vertebral foramen (canal): houses the spinal cord. All vertebral foramina stack together
to form the vertebral canal, which houses the spinal cord
o Atypical Vertebrae
 Not all vertebrae are the same
 Distinct regional differences observed in the three regions of the vertebral column
 Examples of atypical vertebrae are C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) - first and second cervical
vertebrae
 C1
 Anterior arch: provides surface for articulation with the dens (feature of
C2)
 Lateral masses: provides surfaces for articulation with the occipital
condyles of the occipital bone

 C2
 Dens (rests within anterior arch of C1)
  Movement of C1 and C2
 Skull rests on top of lateral masses of C1 via occipital condyles
 Joint allows for yes movement of head
 Underneath C1, the dens of C2 attaches with the anterior arch of C1 - no
movement side to side
o Vertebral Articulations
 Individual vertebrae articulate (or join) to stack on top of one another
 Vertebral articulations give rise to two structures
 Intervertebral Disc
 Jelly filled donut between two vertebrae
 Shock absorber

 Intervertebral Foramina
 Lateral opening between adjacent vertebrae allow for passage spinal
nerves
 Fibrocartilage
o Sacrum and Coccyx
 Unlike other 3 divisions of vertebral column composed of individual vertebrae - located
inferiorly = formed from fused vertebrae
 Sacrum = fusion 5 vertebrae
 Coccyx = fusion 3-5 vertebrae (usually only 4)
 Ribs
o 12 pairs of ribs
 True Ribs (pairs 1-7)
 Each rib articulates directly (individually with the sternum)

 False Ribs (Pairs 8-10)

 Do not have direct articulation with sternum
 Join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with sternum

 Floating ribs (Pairs 11-12)

 Have no articulation with sternum
 o Structure of a typical rib
 Long, flat, twisted
 Head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body) and angle (where shaft is bent sharply anteriorly)
 Shaft = sharp inferior border which is grooved (costal groove)
 Head of typical rib articulates with the bodies of two thoracic vertebrae, while the
tubercle of the rib has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of one
vertebra

 Sternum
o (breastbone)
o Makes up anterior portion of thoracic cage
o 3 parts
 Manubrium: Articulation with rib 1
 Body: articulates with ribs 2-7
 The xiphoid process
 o Thoracic Cage
 Made up of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally and sternum anteriorly

Clinical Application: Scoliosis

 Lateral curvature of spine
 S shape of vertebral column
 People with scoliosis have breathing problems because the lateral curvature places the thoracic
vertebrae in an atypical position
o This can cause abnormal dev and placement of ribs in thoracic cavity
o Can compress lungs - causing breathing problems in people with scoliosis

Section 4 - Appendicular Skeleton

Upper Limb
 30 bones
 Extending from pectoral girdle to hand
 Shoulder to elbow (arm), forearm (elbow to wrist), and hand
o Pectoral Girdle
 Connects upper limb to axial skeleton
 Formed by

 Clavicle
 S shaped bone
 Joins with manubrium of sternum medially (proximally) and scapula
laterally (distally)

 Scapula
 Triangular shape
 Anterior Surface
 Coracoid process
 Together with acromion the coracoid process helps to
stabilize the shoulder joint

 Posterior Surface
 Acromion and spine
  Lateral Surface
 Glenoid fossa - articulates with head of humerus (arm bone)
to contribute to shoulder joint

o Arm - Humerus
 Single Bone of arm
 Articulates proximally with glenoid fossa of scapula to form shoulder joint
 Articulates distally with radius and ulna to form elbow joint

 Head - face medially (articulate with scapula of shoulder blade)

 Neck - anatomical neck and surgical neck (below two tubercles)
 Shaft (majority of bone)
 Capitulum (articulate with radius on lateral side)
 Trochlea (articulate with ulna on medial side)
 Lateral and Medial Epicondyle
  Olecranon fossa
o Forearm
 Composed two bones
 Radius
 Laterally placed (thumb side) with reference to forearm
 Features include
 Head (proximal end)
 Round disk shaped head which articulates with the capitulum
(distal end) of humerus)
 Articulates with the ulna
 Shaft
 Neck
 Distal End
 Wide and flat, articulates with carpal (wrist) bones to form
wrist joint
 Styloid process

 Ulna
 Medially placed (little finger side) with reference to the forearm
 Looks like a pipe wrench and its features include
 Proximal end:
 Articulates with distal end of humerus
 Olecranon: fits into olecranon fossa of the humerus
 Trochlear notch: C-shaped depression which interlocks with
the trochlea of the humerus
 Shaft
 Neck
 Head (distal end)
 Styloid process
 o Wrist and Hand
 Wrist
 8 carpal bones (short)
 Palm/hand
 5 metacarpal bones (long)
 Digits/fingers
 14 phalanges (long)

 Lower Limb
o Thigh = hip to knee
o Rest of lower limb = knee to ankle
o Pelvic Girdle
 Attaches lower limb to axial skeleton
 Formed by hip (innominate) bones
 Sacrum not included
 Hip bone consists:

 Ilium
 Largest bone of pelvic girdle
 Makes up superior portion
 Ischium and Pubis
 Pubis fuses with both ilium and ischium
 Unites with other pubic bone at pubic symphis
 Fibrocartilage

 Features of Pelvis
 Bones of pelvic girdle fuse to form two structures
 Greater Sciatic Notch
 Located between PIIS and ischial spine
 Allows passage of major nerves and vessels from pelvic cavity
into posterior region of lower limb
  Lesser sciatic notch
 Located between ischial spine and ischial tuberosity - permits
passage of structure from pelvic cavity to the genital region

 Acetabulum
 Deep curved depression for articulation with head of femur
 All three bones (Ilium, ischium and pubis) contribute to the
acetabulum

 Obturator foramen
 Large opening on the anterior and inferior aspect of each
pelvic girdle for the passage of nerves and blood vessels
 Ischium and pubis contribute to the obturator foramen

o Thigh - Femur
 Similar to the upper arm, the thigh has a single bone - the femur

Composed of Head

Neck

Shaft
  Proximal End
 Head and neck
 Head of femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle forming the
hip joint
 Proximal end of femur has bumps/projections/ridges that serve as surfaces for
muscle attachment
 Distal End
 Articulates with tibia and patella (knee cap) forming the knee joint
 Features present on the distal end of femur include:
 Medial (longer and lower) and lateral condyles (parts of femur that form
the knee joint with the tibia)
 Patellar (knee cap) surface which is the articular surface on the anterior
aspect of the femur and forms a groove for the patella

o Leg
 Tibia
 Medially
 Only weight bearing bone of leg
 Proximal end
 Medial and lateral condyles articulate with medial and lateral condyles of
femur
 Tibial tuberosity
 Shaft
 Distal End:
 Medial malleolus
  Fibula
 Laterally
 Does not weight bear or transfer
 Lateral malleolus (distal tip of fibula) provides lateral stability to ankle joint
 Features
 Proximal end
 Medial head which articulates with the tibia
 Neck
 Shaft
 Distal end
 Lateral malleolus

o Ankle and Foot

 Ankle
 7 tarsal bones (short)
 Foot
 5 metatarsal bones (long)
 Digits/toes
 14 phalanges (long)
Section 5 - Articulation (Joints)

 Place where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, teeth

 Vary in stability and mobility and are classified into categories based on these qualities
 Most mobile = most unstable
 Most stable = immobile

Classification of Joints
 Joints are broadly classified by structure of by function
 Structural classifications of joints = types materials unite articulating bones
 Functional classification of joints = extent movement they permit
 Synovial joints = articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity
(shoulder, knee, hip)

Movements Made at Synovial Joints