Bone Tissue

Bones are a connective tissue made up of cells and extracellular matrix

Function:
Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance*, acid-base balance*, and blood formation

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

Blood
Bone
Fibrous
Adipose
Cartilage

Types of Bone:
Short – Approx. equal in length and width; glide across one another in multiple directions
Flat – Thin, curved plates; protect soft organs
Long – Longer than wide, rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement
Irregular – Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories

Compact (dense or cortical) Bone – dense outer shell of bone

Spongy (cancellous) Bone – Loosely organized bone tissue
Found in center of ends and center of shafts of long bones in middle of nearly all others
Covered by compact bone

Skeleton is 3/4ths compact and 1/4th spongey bone by weight

Long Bone Features:

Diaphysis – shaft that provides leverage
Epiphyses – enlarged ends of a long bone

Tips of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage

Anatomy of a long bone:

 Periosteum is the only part of the bone that has nerve endings to it (innervated)
 Yellow Marrow – Fat (red bone marrow that is matured)
 Red Bone Marrow – Tips of bones
 Spongey Bone – Gives sturdiness but it is loose so it is a bit lighter
 Compact Bone – Outside, rigid, stiff, has sturdiness
 Epiphysial Line – Growth Plate
Bone Cells:

 Osteogenic cells – stem cells that make the osteoblasts (Beginning)

 Osteoblasts – Bone building cells (reno team)
 Osteocytes – Mature bone cells (osteoblasts) (manager)
 Osteoclasts – Bone dissolving cells (demo team)

How do osteoblasts do this?

Secretes extracellular matrix (collagen fibers)
What are collagen fibers made of? -Protein
Solidified and hardened by calcium

Osteoclasts are dissolving the collagen

Matrix –
Made of two parts: Organic matter and inorganic matter
Organic Matter – synthesized by osteoblasts (soft and squishy)
Inorganic Matter – Made up of calcium (will make it hard)

Bone is a composite material - combination of a ceramic and a polymer

Hydroxyapatite and other minerals are the ceramic and collagen (protein) are the
polymer
Ceramic portion allows the bone to support body weight without sagging

Rickets - disease caused by mineral deficiency and resulting in soft, deformed bones

Compact Bone:

Osteon Structure:
 Lamella – the way that bone is shaped (circular shape) (like a walkway of bone) (built by
osteoblasts)
 Lacunae – where bone cells live (osetocytes)
 Central Canal – where artery, nerve and vein pass through
 Canaliculi – slits that allow nutrients to come into the bone, all osteocytes reach out
thru the canaliculi and are “holding hands” and communicating with each other

Perforated canal – allows artery, nerve and vein access to the bone
Circumferential lamellae – outside of
Spongey Bone:
Lattice structure covered with endosteum
Filled with red bone marrow
No central canal

Bone Development:

Intramembranous ossification:
 produces flat bones of skull, clavicle, and part of the mandible in fetus; grows bones
wider
o Osteoblasts come from inner membrane of the periosteum

Endochondral ossification:
o turning fetus hyaline cartilage to bone, and growing bone in length
o Bones lengthen thru the inside and the epiphysial plate (growth plate)
o Replacing hyaline cartilage to bone
o Replacing remaining hyaline cartilage and then around 18 years old the plate
gets signals and stops dividing and will completely turn to bone

Bone Remodeling:
 Occurs throughout life, 10% of skeleton per year
o Repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood, reshapes bones in response
to use and disuse
 If you stress your body enough, your body will lay down bone there

**Calcium Homeostasis:
Hypocalcemia - deficient calcium in blood
Hypercalcemia – excessive calcium levels (rare)

Ways to increase calcium:

1. Increase absorption (small intestine)
2. Decrease excretion of calcium (kidneys)
3. Osteoclasts take out of bone

Use hormones to communicate this (absorption)

1. PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
2. Calcitriol (a/k/a Vitamin D)

Fractures

Stress fracture – something caused it to break, trauma

Pathological fracture (transverse fracture) – bone weakening break from a physiological process
Closed – everything in skin
Open – everything out of skin

1. Nondisplaced (COLLES) – periosteum is not impacted, 6-8 weeks healing

2. Displaced – bones aren’t lined up
3. Comminuted – (BATS – Broke all the shit) broken in two or more pieces
4. Greenstick – Happens if you’re in PEDS, bones are still soft, you get a fracture in one side
and a bend in the other

Healing Fractures:
Hemastoma formation – right away
Soft callous formation – few weeks
Hard callous formation – few weeks
Bone remodeling – few years

Osteoporosis – generally happens in post-menopausal women

Causes bone to become brittle
Mainly thru spongey bone
Most common bone disease, severe loss of bone density

Treatments –
estrogen replacement therapy but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, & heart
disease
Drugs Fosamax, Actonel destroy osteoclasts
PTH slows bone loss if given as daily injection
Best treatment is prevention
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKULL – 6 bones: frontal (only forms bone when fused, no separation), 2 periatel, temporal
bones, occipital
Rests on first cervical vertebrae

Know the bones and features associated

Temporal bone – has mastoid process (SEM attaches here [mastoid process]); ear hole, styloid
process (muscles in throat attach here), zygomatic process (articulate zygomatic bone
[cheekbone])

Occipital bone – has a big hole (foramen magnum), occipital condyles

Sphenoid bone (down at the bottom) – located in the bottom of the skull, basically it is the
capstone, touches all of frontal bone, and some of the temporal, occipital and parietal; has a
greater wing and lesser wing*, has a Sella turcica* (where pituitary gland sits)

Ethmoid bone (1)– sits right behind the nose; has two sections cribriform plate; olfactory bulb is
here; middle nasal concha (rapid warmer and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs),
crista Galli*

Maxillae – teeth, meets with occipital bone

Couple bones here that create the palate, Theres a separation between the nasal
cavity and oral cavity, this is the palate

Nasal bone – this is the one that people fracture, also is the bone that’s manipulated during
rhinoplasty

Mandible – jaw, does not articulate with the maxilla, mandibular fossa is on temporal bone

Sinus’s – frontal sinus’ and maxillary sinus’ and sphenoid sinus’

Vomer is the bottom portion of the nasal bone

Auditory ossicles, three in each middle ear cavity, malleus, incus, and stapes
Vertebral column:
Protects the spinal cord
Supports skull and trunk and allows for their movement
Absorbs stress of movements

The Atlas (C1) – first cervicale vertebrae, doesn’t have a body, has two masses, no spinal
process, has transverse foramen

The Axis (C2)– the atlas sits on this, spins on the dens (odontoid process)

Intervertebral discs (23 of them)

Squishy part – anulus (made of fibrous cartilage)
Fibrous veins – nucleolus pulposus

Vertebral column
Cervical (lordosis) – has transverse foramens
Thoracic (kyphosis)
Lumbar (lordosis)
Sacral (kyphosis)
Coccyx (tailbone)

General Structure of Vertebra

Body (centrum)
Spongey bone (with red marrow) covered with compact bone
Weight bearing portion
Rough surfaces enhance attachment of intervertebral discs

Vertebral foramina
Collectively form vertebral canal for spinal cord

Vertebral arch
Pedicle: pillar-like
Lamina –

Transverse process –
Spinous process –

Facets
Arms – Superior articular facet
Legs – Inferior Articular facet

Intravertebral foramen – where nerves come out, go everywhere in the body

Regional characteristics:
Cervical vertebrates – little bit smaller than thoracic

Thoracic vertebras – has attachment for ribs, has really pointy spinal processes

Lumbar – blunt spinal process, thicker

Sacrum – attaches to iliac bones

Coccyx – usually consists of four small vertebrae (Co1-Co4) sometimes five, has a lot of things to
do with pelvic floor muscles

Sternum – 3 parts: menuvrium (top), body, zyphoid process (bottom)

Ribs are named for their cartilage – 1 -7 are on their own cartilage, 8 and 9 share, 10 and 11 are
floating

The Clavicle – makes up the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), only thing that articulates the
axial skeletal and appendicular skeleton

Scapula – shoulder is ball and socket joint, the cup is located on the scapula, coricoid process
has muscular attachments there

Upper limb – contains 30 bones in three regions

Brachium – humorous (head, two bones (greater and lesser tubercles), condyles,
epicondyles (medial and lateral)), deltoid tuberosity

Radius and Ulna – form the forearm, radial head is like a tire that allows the arm to
rotate on the ulna back and forth, the ula forms a hook and forms the hinge joint in the
elbow, fibrous tissue holds them both together

Carpal bones- SLTPTTCH (some loves try positions that they can’t handle)

5 metacarpal bones

3 phalanges for every finger except for the thumb (proximal, middle, distal)

Pelvis –
Pelvic girdle – made of the pelvis (sacrum and two ilium bones and two coccyxl bones)
sacral iliac joint

Has greater and lesser, by the pelvic inlet that separates them
 Iliac bone – iliac crest (top of hip), two points (aliases use as bony landmark), PSIsis
(bony landmark), isial tuberocity, superior and inferior pubic ramus, acetabulum (socket for hip
joint)

Lower leg – thigh (femur), tibula, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, digits (toes)