The Skeletal System

How many bones are in 206

the human body?
52 of which are in our
feet

Babies have over 300, but

no knee caps ☹
Are bones alive ● Absolutely. Old bones are dead,
dry and brittle. But in the body,
bones are very much alive. They
have their own nerves and blood
vessels, and they do various jobs,
such as storing body minerals like
calcium. Bones are made of a mix
of hard stuff that gives them
strength and tons of living cells
which help them grow and repair
themselves.
What is the longest ● The longest bone is the
bone? 'femur', in the thigh. It
makes up almost one
What is the smallest quarter of the body's total
bone? ● height.
The smallest bone is the
'stirrup', deep in the ear.
It is hardly larger than a
grain of rice.
Functions of the Skeletal
System
Anatomy = study of structures
Physiology = study of functions of structures

Composed of bones and related structures that aid in body

movement

5 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS:

1. Support - provides structure and shape for body

2. Protection - surrounds and protects internal organs
3. Mineral Storage - calcium and phosphorus are stored in
bones
4. Blood Cell formation - red blood cells are manufactured
in bone marrow
5. Anchoring and Movement of muscles - allow for
muscular movement through tendons and ligaments
 Structures of Skeletal System

Includes:
1. Ligaments
2. Tendons
3. Joints
4. Cartilage
5. Bones
Ligaments
A ligament is a
fibrous
connective tissue
which attaches
bone to bone.

The function of
ligaments is to
stabilize the joint
and hold the two
bones together.
Tendons

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches

muscle to bone.

The function of a tendon is to transfer muscle generated

force to the bony skeleton, facilitate movement around a
joint, they are able to resist high forces.
Joints

A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement.
Cartilage

Cartilage:

Smooth rubbery substance

Acts as shock absorber between

bones
 Bone Structure
Periosteum: (peri/oste/um)
covering of the bone, mainly around
the diaphysis

Endosteum: (endo/oste/um)
Tissue covering the inside of the
diaphysis (long portion of bone)

Medullary Cavity:
Shaft of long bone, surrounded by
compact bone, holds yellow marrow
 Structure of Bones

1. Diaphysis - shaft of long bone

a. Contains yellow bone marrow
b. Surrounded by compact bone

2. Epiphysis - wide end of long bone

a. Proximal epiphysis - end of bone
______ to the midline
b. Distal epiphysis - end of bone
________ farthest from the midline
c. Mostly made up of spongy bone
 Bone Composition
Two types of bone tissue:

1. Cortical Bone “Compact Bone” -

a. lies under the periosteum mainly
along the diaphysis (shaft) that
contains yellow bone marrow
b. Very dense and strong
2. Cancellous bone “Spongy Bone” -
a. more porous and less dense
b. Found mostly in the epiphysis -
contains red bone marrow and where
red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets are manufactured
Structure of Bones

Bone Marrow:

Red - located within spongy

bone, makes blood cells

Yellow - located in medullary

cavity, made of fat cells
What mineral do you
need to consume for
strong bones?
CALCIUM
 99% of calcium is stored in bones
CALCIUM
70% of people do not get enough
SOURCES:
● Sesame seeds 280 mg per 1 oz (2 tbsp) calcium
● Spinach 250mg per 1 cup
Bone is broken down to keep
● Cheese 204mg per 1oz
  your blood calcium level normal
● Almonds 150mg per 2oz
if there is not enough
● Cows milk 400 mg per 8oz (1 cup)
Calcium needs Vitamin D for
absorption
 Joints
Connections between bones
MCL and ACL tears - common injury
Ligaments - connect bone to bone
Tendon - connect muscle to bone among athletes
Types of Joints (articulations)
Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka
sutures) -- Ex. skull

Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)

-- vertebrae

Diarthrotic (moveable joint ) also

called Synovial joints
-- knees, elbows, wrist, shoulder..etc
Types of Synovial Joints
1.  Ball and Socket
(shoulder / hip)

2.  Hinge (elbow, knee)

3.  Pivot (ulna attached to humerus/lower

arm)

4.  Saddle (thumb)

5.  Gliding/Plane (wrist/ankle)

4.  Ellipsoidal/Condyloid (knuckles)

 2 Divisions
Axial Skeleton - The central part of your
body. Includes skull bones, vertebral
column, ribs

Appendicular Skeleton: limbs and their

attachment points: arm bones, leg
bones,
pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle, hands and
feet bones
Types of bones
Major Bones of Body
Skull → Cranium and Mandible

Spine → Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae

Chest → Sternum and Ribs

Arms → Humerus, Radius, and Ulna

Hands → Carpals, Metacarpal, and Phalanges

Legs → Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula

Feet → Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges

Major bones of
body
Name that bone!! Activity
You will be receiving a number - with this number, you will
be responsible for for identifying where the bone is on the
skeleton and identifying if it is on the axial or
appendicular skeleton. You will also name another bone it
articulates with
 Bones of the Skull (crani/um)

FRONTAL
(forehead)
PARIETAL
(roof and upper sides of cranium)
OCCIPITAL
(posterior floor and walls of cranium)
TEMPORAL
(sides and base of cranium)
SPHENOID
(base of skull and sides of eye sockets)
ETHMOID
(forms nose, eye socket, and floor of cranium)
Bones of the Face

ZYGOMATIC
(cheekbones)
MAXILLA
(upper jaw bone)
LACRIMAL
(eye socket)
VOMER
(septum)
MANDIBLE
(lower jaw bone)
NASAL
(Form bridge of nose)
 Coronal Suture
Frontal

Parietal Sagittal Suture

Lambdoid Suture
1. Coronal Suture
2. Frontal
3. Parietal
4. Nasal
5. Squamosal Suture
6. Ethmoid
7. Lacrimal
8. Sphenoid
9. Lambdoidal Suture
10. Occipital
11. Temporal
12. Zygomatic
13. Maxilla
14. Mandible
The Rest of the Bones
Vertebral Column
Cervical (C1-C7)

Thoracic (T1-T12)

Lumbar (L1-L5)

Sacrum and Coccyx

Thoracic Cage → 12 pairs of ribs
True Ribs = First seven
False Ribs = Next 3 pairs
Floating Ribs = Last two pairs
 Pectoral Girdle CLAVICLES
(collarbones)

HUMERUS
(arm)

SCAPULAS
(shoulderblade
Bones of the Arm

Ulna goes to
pinky  (P-U) HUMERUS

Radius goes ULNA

to thumb
RADIUS
Bones of the Leg

Upper Leg - FEMUR

Kneecap - PATELLA

Lower Leg -
TIBIA & FIBULA
Bones of the Wrist

Wrist - 8 small
bones called
carpals

Metacarpals
(hand)

Fingers: Phalanges
Name the
carpals for
*extra credit on
test.
How to learn the carpals?

Some Lemurs Try Peanuts That They Can’t Handle

ANSWERS...

a. Scaphoid
b. Lunate
c. Triquetrum
d. Pisiform
e. Trapezium
f. Trapezoid
g. Capitate
h. Hamate
Pelvic Girdle

two large COXAL BONES

Pelvic Girdle

COXAL COXAL

The SACRUM is between coxal bones,

COCCYX is the tailbone
Bones of the Ankle
Ankle and Upper foot - 7
bones called Tarsals

Large heel bone is the

calcaneus

Foot = metatarsals
Toes = phalanges
Assignment – Foot
Coloring
Joints
Pivot Joint
DAY 2
Objectives
● Review long bone anatomy
● Review bones of the body
● Discuss bone growth for health and wellness
● Practice identifying bone of the body → daily grade today
○ You will have a bone location assessment next Tuesday
(major assessment - on this grading period)
Long Bone anatomy
○ Draw a long bone on your white board and label the
following:
■ Diaphysis
■ Epiphysis
■ Medullary cavity
■ Periosteum
■ Endosteum
■ Cartilage
■ Red bone marrow
■ Yellow bone marrow
Bone Health and Wellness
Bone Maintenance: Response to Mechanical Stress
● Bones reflect stresses they encounter
● Long bones most dense midway along diaphysis where
bending stresses greatest
● Bones stressed when weight bears on them or muscles
pull on them
● Bending compresses on one side; stretches on other
● Mechanical stress determines where remodeling occurs
Wolff’s Law
Bone in an individual will adapt to the loads or stresses under which it is placed; If loading on
a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist
that sort of loading.
Bone Maintenance: Response to Mechanical Stress

● Bones exposed to regular stress increase in

bone density.
○ This is a homeostatic response of the body; it is a
defense against bone breakage and damage.
● Frequency of use shows us this; especially when
comparing bone density of right-handed tennis
players.
● Inactivity works in the opposing direction.
○ With age, bone maintenance decreases
○ This can lead to onset of osteoporosis
○ Astronauts returning from space have decreased
bone density, due to little to no exposure to
mechanical forces.
DAY 3
Functional Classification of Joints
● Based on
● Amount of movement joint allows
● Three functional classifications:
● Synarthroses—immovable joints
● Amphiarthroses—slightly movable joints
● Diarthroses—freely movable joints
i. Also called synovial joints (there are 6)
Synovial Joints

● Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

● All are freely moveable (diarthrotic)
● Includes all limb joints; most joints of body
● They are:
a. Hinge
b. Pivot
c. Saddle
d. Ball and Socket
e. Condylar
f. Plane
You will be assigned a Joint
1. Each table will be given a joint and they will be responsible
for defining that joint
2. Giving an example of that joint
3. Identifying the bones involved at that joint
4. Provide a physical example of that joint movement
DAY 5
Skeletal
Injuries/Conditions
Broken Bones
Warning: Next slide is graphic!
Bone Disorders
1. BONE SPURS, also known as osteophytes, occur
when the body grows small projections on the edges
of bones
 Graphic Video of Plantar F
2. Plantar fasciitis asciitis Surgery

- common cause of heel pain.

-inflammation of the plantar
fascia
- walking can be painful
3. OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased
activity of osteoclasts cause a
break down bone, bones become
more fragile

The spongy bone especially

becomes more porous.
Causes of
Osteoporosis:

1. Lack of exercise

2. Poor diet

3. Genetics

4. Ethnicity

5. Gender
Why do older people break their hips?
A femoral neck fracture is
common among older adults
and can be related to
osteoporosis. This type of
fracture may cause a
complication because the
break usually cuts off the
blood supply to the head of
the femur.
4. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which
causes joint stiffness and bone deformity

Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece 
5. Rickets
This preventable bone disease affects young children and is caused
by a deficiency of the nutrient vitamin D. Rickets causes weak,
brittle bones that fracture easily and bone and muscle pain.
6. Nursemaid’s
Elbow
6. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
a)KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve

b)LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower

region.
c) ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the
vertebrae fuse.
d) SCOLIOSIS
7. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) → soft
tissue regrows as bone. Sufferers are slowly imprisoned by their own
skeletons.

Munchmeyer disease" or "stone man syndrome"

8. Osteosarcoma
Most common bone cancer, primarily affecting the
long bones, particularly those in the knee, hip, or
shoulder regions. Most commonly affects teenagers
and young adults.
FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES

●Babies are born with 300 bones, but by

adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
●The giraffe has the same number of bones in
its neck as a human: seven in total.
●The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25
mph. The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.