Module 4

Skeletal System

Overview

This module introduce you the skeletal system, an organ

system that provides an internal framework for the human body.
Why do we need a skeletal system? Try to imagine what you would
look like without it.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson the student can;

1. Defined the function of skeletal system

2. Identify the parts of skeletal system
3. Discuss the importance of skeletal system
4. Describe the composition of bones

Materials

Laptop/Cellphone, Messenger, Google, Zoom App, Email

add, WPS

References

https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/skeleton

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/apl/chapter/the-skull/

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Gweral)14%3A_Skeletal_S
ystem/14.2%3A_Introduction_to_the_Skeletal_System

Lesson Proper

Skeletal System

The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in

the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of
many cells, proteins fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a
scaffold by providing support and protection for the tissues that
make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides
attachments points for muscles to allow movements at the joints.
The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual
bones. There are also some differences in the female and male
skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high bone
mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis
to accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.

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Functions of Skeletal System

● Movement, skeletal system provides points of attachment for

muscles. Your legs and arms move when the muscles pull
on the bones.
● Support, the backbone is the main support center for the
upper body. It holds your head up and protects your spinal
cord.
● Protection, the bones of your skull protects your brain. Your
ribs protect your lungs and heart from injury.
● Makes blood, red and white blood cells are formed by tissue
called marrow, which is the center of the bone.
● Storage, bones store minerals, such as calcium and
phosphorus, for use by the body.

The two types of major Skeletal System parts

● Axial Skeletal, the axial skeleton includes the skull, spine,

ribs and sternum.
● Appendicular Skeletal, the appendicular the appendages of
the body, which are the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.

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 General Structure

The Skull

● Two sets of bones

▪ Cranium

▪ Facial bones

● Bones are joined by sutures

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 ● Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Types of Bones

● Short bones, small cubical skeletal structures,

including the carpals and tarsals.
● Flat bones, skeletal structures that are largely flat in
shape, for example, the scapula.
● Irregular bones, skeletal structures of irregular shape,
for example, the sacrum
● Long bones, skeletal structures consisting of a long
shaft with bulbous ends, for example, the femur.

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 Structure of Bone

Typical Four Layers:

● Periosteum: covers bones

● Comapact Bone: lies beneath the periosteum

● Spongy Bone: lies beneath the compact bone

● Bone Marrow: fills the gaps between the spongy bone

Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and

development. A thin tough outer membrane covers the bone. Bone
is made up of 2 minerals; the Calcium and the Phosphorus.
Beneath the outer membrane is a layer of compact bone (hard and
dense, but not solid, it is filled with holes and has small canals for
blood vessels and nerves). Inside the compact bone is a layer of
spongy bone. It has many small spaces, is light weight, but strong.
Spongy bone is also found at the ends of bones. In the spaces of
many bones there is a soft connective tissue called marrow:

● Red marrow, produces most of the body’s blood cells

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 ● Yellow marrow, stores fat that can serve as an energy
reserve

HOW DO BONES DEVELOP?

● As an infant, most of your skeleton is cartilage.

● Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue.

● Over time the cartilage is replaced by solid bone, usually

complete by the time you stop growing.
● Not all cartilage is replaced in adults. Many joints contain
cartilage, protecting the ends of bones (ears and the end of
the nose is also cartilage.

Clavicle or Collarbone

► The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away

from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your
little finger.

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 Scapula

► The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and

helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the
arms.

Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord

1) The cervical region (neck bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)

Coccyx and Sacrum

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Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

Radius and Ulna

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Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

Metacarpals (Top of Hands)

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Phalanges (Little Fingers)

Rib Cage

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Sternum (Breastbone)

Pelvis

Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)

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The Tibia and Fibula

Tarsals

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Metatarsals

Phalanges

Ball-and-Socket Joint

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 ► Round end of bone fitting snuggly within another bone.
▪ Ex. Shoulder and Hip
► Allows the greatest range of motion.
▪ The ball-and-socket joint allows you to
swing your arm freely in a circle.

Hinge Joint

► Movement in one direction like a door.

▪ Ex. Knee and Elbow
► Allows forward or backward motion.

Pivot Joint

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 ► Bone resting atop another bone permitting free
movement.
▪ Ex. Neck, Wrist and Ankles
► Allows one bone to rotate around another.
▪ Allows you to turn your head

Gliding Joint?

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 ► Allows one bone to slide over another.
▪ Ex. Knuckles, wrist, ankle
► Allows you to bend and flex as well as make limited
side to side motions.

Ligament

-Connects bone to bone.

Tendon

► Attaches muscles to bones.

What are Joints?

▪ A joint is a place where two bones come together.

▪ Joints allow the bones to move in different ways.

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 ▪ Two types of joints:
o Immovable
o Movable
What are Immovable Joints?

▪ A joint that allows little or no movement

What are Movable Joints?

• Most of the joint are movable joints.

• Allow the body to move in a wide range of movements.

• Bones in movable joints are held together by strong

connective tissue called ligaments.

• Four types of movable joints:

• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding

Evaluation

Multiple Choices: Select the best answer to the corresponding

question.

1. What is the Skeletal System?

a. All the bones in the body

b. All the muscles and tendons

c. All the body’s organs, both soft and hard tissue

d. All the bones in the body and the tissue that connect them

2. Is the hyoid bone is the only bone that?

a. Does not articulate with any other bone

b. Forms the tailbone

c. Is vestigial and serves no purpose in the body

d. Protects the elbow

3. What are the ones united by fibrous tissue, such as the sutures
in the skull, are

a. Cartilaginous joints

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 b. Diarthroses

c. Fibrous joints

d. Synovial joints

4. Which joints contain articular cartilage, a fibrous articular

capsule, a joint cavity, and reinforcing ligaments?

a. Cartilaginous joint

b. Cartilaginous joint- Fibrous joint

c. Synovial joint

d. Syndesmoses

5. Bones serve all of the following functions except:

a. Blood cell formation

b. Storage

c. Support, Protection, and Movement

d. Transportation of substances

6. What is Articular Cartilage?

a. Connects muscles to bone

b. Holds the bone in place

c. Holds the joint together

d. Provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases

friction at joint surfaces

7. Which of the following is incorrect?

a. The adult medullary cavity contains yellow marrow.

b. The infant medullary cavity contains yellow marrow.

c. The infant medullary cavity contains red marrow.

d. The adult medullary cavity contains adipose tissue.

8. The axial skeleton consists of:

a. The vertebral column and skull

b. The skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax (ribs and

sternum)

c. The bony thorax, upper limbs, and pelvic girdle

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 d. Upper limbs, lower limbs, and pelvic girdle

9. How many bones are there in the average person’s body?

a. 33

b. 206

c. 639

d. 210

10. What makes bones so strong?

a. Blood and marrow

b. Cartilage

c. Calcium and Phosphorus

d. Silica

11. What is the skull also protects?

a. The body’s cell

b. The diaphragm

c. The lungs

d. The sense organs

12. What is the hollow space in the middle of bones is filed with
________?

a. Air

b. Blood

c. Bone cells

d. Bone marrow

13. What is the purpose of the rib cage is to _________?

a. Protect the stomach

b. Protect the spinal cord

c. Protect the heart and lungs

d. Provide an object to which the lungs can attach

14. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?

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 a. Bone is where most blood cells are made

b. Bone serves as a storehouse for various minerals

c. Bone is a dry and non-living supporting structure

d. Bone protects and supports the body and its organs

15. Which of the following is NOT belonging to the functions of

Skeletal System?

a. Makes cells

b. Movement

c. Protection

d. Support

16. What is the brain protect by?

a. A cushion of fluid

b. The long skull

c. The meaning

d. All of the above

17. Which of the following is one of the basic bone shape?

a. Horizontal

b. Long

c. Vertical

d. None of the above

18. What is the typical layer of bone that fills the gaps between the
spongy bones?

a. Bone marrow

b. Compact Bone

c. Periosteum

d. Spongy Bone

19. What types of Marrow that produces most of the body’s blood
cells?

a. Green marrow

b. Red marrow

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 c. Yellow marrow

d. All of the above

20. What type of marrow that stores fat that can serve as an energy
reserve?

a. Green marrow

b. Red marrow

c. Yellow marrow

d. None of the above

21. What part of Skeletal System that holds the shoulders joint
away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your
little finger?

a. Clavicle or Collarbone

b. Sacrum

c. Scapula

d. Spinal cord

22. What part of Skeletal System that is located on back side of the
ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement
for the arms?

a. Clavicle or Collarbone

b. Sacrum

c. Scapula

d. Spinal cord

23. Which of the following are NOT movable joints?

a. Ball-and-Socket

b. Hinge

c. Pivot

d. Skull

24. What is a Ligament?

a. Allow one bone to rotate around another

b. Allow one bone to slide over another

c. Allow you to bend and flex as well as make limited slide to

side motions

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 d. Connects bone to bone

25. What is a Ball-and-Socket joint?

a. Allow forward or backward another

b. Bone resting

c. Movement in one direction like a door

d. Round end of fitting snugly within another bone

26. What is Pivot joint?

a. Allow forward or backward another

b. Attaches muscles to bones

c. Bone resting a top another bone permitting free movement

d. Connect bone to bone

27. What is a gliding joint?

a. Allow forward or backward another

b. Allow one bone to slide over another

c. Attaches muscles to bones

d. All of the above

28. What is Hinge joint?

a. A joint that allows little or no movement

b. Allow the greatest range of motion

c. Most of the joint are movable joint

d. Movement in one direction

29. What is a joint?

a. A ball and socket

b. A hinge

c. The place where two bones are joined

d. The place where tendons are fastened together

30. What is the difference between compact bone and spongy

bone?

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 a. They are made of different materials

b. They have different bone marrow

c. They have different sizes of bone cells

d. They have different arrangement of bone cells

Essay:

Instructions: Explain the following questions with supporting facts

and principles of anatomy and physiology of skeletal system.

(10 points each)

1. Discuss the functions of Skeletal System

2. Explain the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

3. Explain the difference of cartilage and bone?

Prepared by: BALIWAN, REYHANA S.

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