Body Movement - Human

Bones and their function

• Bones are rigid organ that constitute part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates consist of
calcium.
• They support and protect the various organs
of the body, produce red and white blood
cells and store minerals.
• Protection — bones can serve to protect
internal organs, such as the skull protecting
the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and
lungs.
• Bones provide a frame to keep the body
supported.
Two muscles work together to move a bone.
 Type of Joint
Hinge Joint

Movable Joint Pivot Joint

Joint
Gliding Joint

Ball & Socket

Joint

Immovable
Fixed Joint
Joint(bones
cannot move at
this point)
 Ball and Socket Joint
• The ball and socket joint (or spheroidal joint)
is a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of
one rounded bone fits into the cup-like
depression of another bone.
• These are found in the hip, where the
rounded head of the femur (ball) rests in the
cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis,
and in the glenohumeral joint of the
shoulder, where the rounded head of the
humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid
fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.
 Hinge Joint
• A hinge joint (ginglymus) is a bone joint in
which the articular surfaces are molded to
each other in such a manner as to permit
motion only in one plane.
• Examples of ginglymus are the
interphalangeal joints and the joint between
the humerus and ulna. The knee joints and
ankle joints are less typical, as they allow a
slight degree of rotation or of side-to-side
movement in certain positions of the limb.
 Pivot Joint
• Pivot joints allow for rotation, which can be
external (for example when rotating an arm
outward), or internal (as in rotating an arm
inward). When rotating the forearm, these
movements are typically called pronation and
supination.
• This joint enable us to move our head up,
down, right and left and are present in our
neck.
• Pivot joint is present where the neck join
with head.
 Gliding Joint
• A plane joint (arthrodial joint, gliding joint,
plane articulation) is a synovial joint which,
under physiological conditions, allows only
gliding movement.
• The opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or
almost flat, with movement limited by their
tight joint capsules.
• Typically, they are found in the wrists and
ankles.
 Fixed Joint
• Some joints between bone in our head are
different from those we have dicussed as it
doesn’t move.
• Fixed bones are only found in our upper jaw
and skull and our teeth
 Question Answer
1. What are the function of human body?
A- The function of human body are :-
1. They give us frame to our human
body
2. They protect some of the
important organ in our body.
3. They help us to move our body
4. They produce RBC, WBC and store
phosphorus and
calcium.

2. What are cartilage?

3. Why joints can’t move without muscle?
A- It is so because muscle work in pair for example when we
close our elbow our biceps contracts and triceps rest and
when we open our elbow triceps contracts and biceps rest
which enable the joint in our elbows can move easily.

4. Why bone marrows are important for us?

A- Bone marrows are flexible and soft substance present
in our bone that produce Red Blood Cell (RBC) and
White
Blood Cell (WBC) which act as a anti body in our blood.
5. Why adult have less bones than babies?
A- It is so because the bone of babies are not joined together
at the birth so they have 300 bones but adult have many
bones joined together by joints so they have 206 bones.

6. What is the difference between endoskeleton and

exoskeleton?
A- Endoskeleton are skeleton that are found inside the body
e.g. Skull in human and exoskeleton are skeleton that are
found outside the body e.g. Shell of snail.
7. What are the difference between ligament and tendon?
A- The tissues that holds the bone together is called
ligament.
Tendon are thread – like structure that joins muscles with
bones for better body movement

8. What is the difference cartilage and bone?

A- Bone can be bent easily and are not brittle but bones can
not be bent easily and are brittle.
The End